Suchergebnisse

This publication reviews recent urban planning practices and approaches, discusses constraints and conflicts therein, and identifies innovative approaches that are more responsive to current challenges of urbanization. It notes that traditional approaches to urban planning (particularly in developing countries) have largely failed to promote equitable, efficient and sustainable human settlements and to address twenty-first century challenges, including rapid urbanization, shrinking cities and aging, climate change and related disasters, urban sprawl and unplanned peri-urbanization, as well as urbanization of poverty and informality. It concludes that new approaches to planning can only be meaningful, and have a greater chance of succeeding, if they effectively address all of these challenges, are participatory and inclusive, as well as linked to contextual socio-political processes.--Publisher's description.

Until very recently, most grape-based wine was consumed close to where it was produced, and mostly that was in Europe. Barely one-tenth of the world's wine production was exported prior to the 1970s, even counting intra-European trade. The latest wave of globalization has changed that forever. Now more than one-third of all wine consumed globally is produced in another country, and Europe's dominance of global wine trade has been greatly diminished by the surge of exports from 'New World' producers. New consumers also have come onto the scene as incomes have grown, eating habits have changed and tastes have broadened. Asia in particular is emerging as a new and rapidly growing wine market – and in China that is stimulating the development of local, modern production capability that, in volume terms, already rivals that of Argentina, Australia and South Africa. This latest edition of global wine statistics therefore not only updates data to 2009 and revises past data, but also expands on earlier editions in a number of ways. For example, we now separately identify an extra eight Asian countries or customs areas (Hong Kong, India, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand) in addition to China and Japan. We also include more than 50 new tables to cover such items as excise and import taxes, per capita expenditure on wine, the share of domestic sales in off-trade, the shares of the largest firms in national markets and globally, and the most powerful wine brands globally. Given the growing interest in the health aspects of alcohol consumption, we now express it per adult as well as per capita. Perhaps the most significant addition to this latest version is a new section that provides estimates of the volume, value and hence unit value of wine production, consumption, exports and imports for four catagories: sparkling wines, and non-premium, commercial-premium and super-premium still wines.

In the article the global crisis of 2008-2009 is considered as superposition of a few regional crises that occurred simultaneously but for different reasons. However, they have something in common: developed countries tend to maintain a strong level of social security without increasing the real production output. On the one hand, this policy has resulted in trade deficit and partial destruction of market mechanisms. On the other hand, it has clashed with the desire of several oil and gas exporting countries to receive an exclusive price for their energy resources.

R e s u m e nEste documento se enfoca inicialmente en las lecciones aprendidas apartir de los sucesos que provocaron la crisis de la economía mundialde los años 2008-2009 y la forma como se ha manejado por parte de lasautoridades económicas en los Estados Unidos y a nivel mundial, planteandola importancia de la intervención del Gobierno y los obstáculosde la política monetaria como fuentes de crecimiento y recuperación eneste período. La segunda parte interpreta los acontecimientos actuales ydiscute la tesis de que Krugman acepta que ya ha habido una salida a lacrisis ocurrida en el verano de 2009, pero todavía estamos lejos de unaeconomía en expansión. Por último el artículo se ocupa de la situaciónde América Latina y Colombia en particular y señala que esta crisis nosurgió de malos manejos económicos sino de los efectos que tuvo sobreel comercio, las materias primas y los flujos de capitales la reducción enla actividad económica en los países del primer mundo. Por el contrario se evidencia una fortaleza en las economías emergentes.Palabras claves : Crisis, recuperación, política fiscal, políticamonetaria, economías emergentes.Clasificación jel : E20, E32, E63.A b s t r a c tThese document contains three parts: the first part focuses on the lessonsthat have been learnt from the 2007-2009 crisis and how economicauthorities handled the shock suffered in most variables. The conclusionis that Government intervention through fiscal policy is the only wayto offset the weakness of households and firms. Monetary policy on theother hand can help, but it has limits in its ability to become a real sourceof economic growth. The second part makes a short review on currenteconomic affairs including a discussion on whether the crisis has ended.Krugman accepts that the crisis is over, but he believes that we are still farfrom an economic expansion. Finally, the article analyzes the economicsituation of Latin America and Colombia in particular. It points out thatthis crisis did not start in our countries and it did not happen because ofbad economic policies as it used to happen in previous crisis in emergingeconomies. The crisis had an impact on these countries because of itseffects on trade, commodities and capital flows due to the lower economicactivity in developed countries. However we have evidence of strengthin developing countries.Keywords : Crisis, economic recovery, fiscal policy, monetary policy,emerging economies.Jel code s : E20, E32, E63.

Until very recently, most grape-based wine was consumed close to where it was produced, and mostly that was in Europe. Barely one-tenth of the world's wine production was exported prior to the 1970s, even counting intra-European trade. The latest wave of globalization has changed that forever. Now more than one-third of all wine consumed globally is produced in another country, and Europe's dominance of global wine trade has been greatly diminished by the surge of exports from "New World" producers. New consumers also have come onto the scene as incomes have grown, eating habits have changed and tastes have broadened. Asia in particular is emerging as a new and rapidly growing wine market - and in China that is stimulating the development of local, modern production capability that, in volume terms, already rivals that of Argentina, Australia and South Africa. This latest edition of global wine statistics therefore not only updates data to 2009 and revises past data, but also expands on earlier editions in a number of ways. For example, we now separately identify an extra eight Asian countries or customs areas (Hong Kong, India, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand) in addition to China and Japan. We also include more than 50 new tables to cover such items as excise and import taxes, per capita expenditure on wine, the share of domestic sales in off-trade, the shares of the largest firms in national markets and globally, and the most powerful wine brands globally. Given the growing interest in the health aspects of alcohol consumption, we now express it per adult as well as per capita. Perhaps the most significant addition to this latest version is a new section that provides estimates of the volume, value and hence unit value of wine production, consumption, exports and imports for four catagories: sparkling wines, and non-premium, commercial-premium and super-premium still wines