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Hate crimes against dissident groups are on the rise in Turkey, and political hate speech might have a triggering effect on this trend. In this study, the relationship between political hate speech against the Gulen Movement and the hate crimes perpetrated by ordinary people was examined through semi-structured interviews and surveys with victims. The findings suggest that a rise in political hate rhetoric targeting a given group might result in a corresponding rise in hate crimes committed against them, the effects of which have been largely overlooked in the current literature in the evolving Turkish context.

In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, wie den Herausforderungen durch Hassrede in Österreich und Europa mit Hilfe der Rechtsordnung entgegengetreten wird. Dazu ist es einerseits erforderlich, die Begrifflichkeit Hassrede zu klären. Andererseits gilt es den Grundgedanken zu erkennen, der die rechtlichen Instrumente zur Bekämpfung solcher Äußerungen rechtfertigt. Darauf aufbauend sind diese Instrumente selbst, insbesondere Art 17 EMRK, einer detaillierten Betrachtung zu unterziehen. Die Rsp des EGMR wird dargestellt und Ansätze in der Literatur werden einer Betrachtung unterzogen. Es wird aufgezeigt, wo Grenzen der Freiheit der Meinungsäußerung erkennbar sind, welche inhaltlichen Tendenzen sich dabei abzeichnen und ob der eingeschlagene Weg eventuelle Korrekturen bedarf. ; eingereicht von DI (FH) Hribar Thomas ; Universität Linz, Diplomarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)6134395

The variable incivility is an indicator used to describe violations of communication norms. These norms can be social norms established within a society, a culture or parts of a society (e.g. a social class, milieu or group) or democratic norms established within a democratic society. In this sense incivility is associated with behaviors that threaten a collective face or a democratic society, deny people their personal freedoms, and stereotype individuals or social groups. Furthermore, some scholars include impoliteness into the concept of incivility and argue that the two concepts have no clear boundaries (e.g. Seely, 2017). They therefore describe incivility as aggressive, offensive or derogatory communication expressed directly or indirectly to other individuals or parties. In many studies a message is classified as uncivil if the message contains at least one instance of incivility (e.g. one violent threat). The direction of an uncivil statement is coded as 'interpersonal'/'personal' or 'other-oriented'/'impersonal' or sometimes also as 'neutral', meaning it is not directed at any group or individual. Field of application/theoretical foundation: One unifying element to communication that is labelled as incivility is that it has to be a violation of an existing norm. Which norms are seen as violated depends on the theoretical tradition. Incivility research is related to theories on social norms of communication and conversation: conversational-maxims (Grice, 1975), face-saving concepts (Brown & Levinson, 1987; Goffman, 1989) or conversational-contract theories (Fraser, 1990). Further, incivility research has ties to theories that view public communication as part of democratic opinion formation and decision-making processes, e.g. theories on deliberative democracy and deliberation (Dryzek, 2000; Gutmann & Thompson, 1996; Habermas, 1994). References/combination with other methods of data collection: Incivility is examined through content analysis and sometimes combined with comparative designs (e.g., ...