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IntroductionThe development of medicine in the last three decades has brought not only new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities, but also new thinking about health in its interdisciplinary understanding. It is also a period in which wide-ranging actions for public health were undertaken through decisions made by politicians, economists and health care representatives. Measures expressed mathematically are used in health measurements, especially those concerning the entire population. There are three groups of measures of the health condition of the population: positive, negative and the so-called synthetic measures of health condition which combine, apart from health measures, many other elements. Aim The aim of the work is to analyze the economics of health care.Material and method Review of the available literature on the subject.ResultsA different approach related to the economic efficiency of access to public goods is the concept of investment in human capital. Grossman developed the theoretical foundations for such an understanding of the choices related to health and its protection in the 1970s. Grossman's theory is treated as a model of human capital. An important element of Grossman's model is the distinction between health treated as a product, i.e. a basic good, which is a source of utility for people, and medical care treated as a factor in the production of health. In Grossman's model, people both demand and produce health. Health is treated as a good produced by humans through various means, such as diet, healthy eating, a healthy lifestyle, and medical care. The efficiency of health production depends on the knowledge and education of the society. Medical care is only one input into health production. According to the presented model, each person at birth has a specific health resource that exhibits capital characteristics. This health is amortized with age, but it can also be increased (accumulated) by investing in it, e.g. by doing sports, eating healthy and also by protecting health. ...

IntroductionThe development of medicine in the last three decades has brought not only new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities, but also new thinking about health in its interdisciplinary understanding. It is also a period in which wide-ranging actions for public health were undertaken through decisions made by politicians, economists and health care representatives. Measures expressed mathematically are used in health measurements, especially those concerning the entire population. There are three groups of measures of the health condition of the population: positive, negative and the so-called synthetic measures of health condition which combine, apart from health measures, many other elements. Aim The aim of the work is to analyze the economics of health care.Material and method Review of the available literature on the subject.ResultsA different approach related to the economic efficiency of access to public goods is the concept of investment in human capital. Grossman developed the theoretical foundations for such an understanding of the choices related to health and its protection in the 1970s. Grossman's theory is treated as a model of human capital. An important element of Grossman's model is the distinction between health treated as a product, i.e. a basic good, which is a source of utility for people, and medical care treated as a factor in the production of health. In Grossman's model, people both demand and produce health. Health is treated as a good produced by humans through various means, such as diet, healthy eating, a healthy lifestyle, and medical care. The efficiency of health production depends on the knowledge and education of the society. Medical care is only one input into health production. According to the presented model, each person at birth has a specific health resource that exhibits capital characteristics. This health is amortized with age, but it can also be increased (accumulated) by investing in it, e.g. by doing sports, eating healthy and also by protecting health. ...

Part I: Overview -- 1 Health Care Systems -- 2 Universal Health Care Worldwide -- 3 Universal Health Care in the United States--History and Perspectives -- 4 The Current U.S. Health Care System -- Part II: Controversies and Issues -- 5 What Are the Socioeconomic Consequences of Lack of Universal Health Care in America? -- 6 Does Universal Health Care Lead to Worse Quality of Care? -- 7 Does Not Having Universal Health Care in the United States Cost More? -- 8 Is Health Care a Human Right? -- 9 What Are the Political and Societal Barriers to Universal Health Care in the United States? -- Part III: Scenarios -- Case Studies -- Glossary -- Timeline

Evaluation of health care can help determine which services should be provided and how they should best be organized and delivered. This book analyses health care interventions, from specific treatments to delivery systems, in terms of four key dimensions namely effectiveness; efficiency; humanity; and, equity

Imprint varies: Washington, D.C., summer 1979-; Baltimore, Md., Title from cover ; Vols. for fall 1979- called v. 1, no. 2, etc.; vols. for 1992-1995 issued with four thematic numbers and a fifth called: Medicare and Medicaid statistical supplement; fifth issue of 1992 also called: Annual supplement ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Vols. for summer 1979-Dec. 1981 issued by the Health Care Financing Administration's: Office of Research, Demonstrations, and Statistics; Mar. 1982-winter 1996 by: Office of Research and Demonstrations; spring 1997- by: Office of Strategic Planning; summer 2001- by: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Office of Strategic Planning; 200 - by: the Centers' Office of Research, Development, and Information ; Continued by: Medicare & medicaid research review, issued only online ; Supplemented by: Health care financing review. Annual supplement, 1988-1992; by: Health care financing review. Statistical supplement, 1995- ; Latest issue consulted: V. 25, no. 2 (winter 2003/2004) ; UCLA Library - CDL shared resource. ; UPD

This text deals with issues of growing importance in both the US health care system and health care systems across the world. Such systems need to respond to changes in technology within health care, shifting technologies not specific to health care, and changes in the way patients and physicians view health and the use of health services in society. Chapters focus on how technologies and programs apply to either general groups within the health care system or more specialized groups, such as people with a certain health care problem. Papers deal with a variety of topics, from a focus on consumers and the varying roles the play in the emerging and changing US health care system, to the examination of specific principles such as social network approaches.

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In the 1970s and 80s Japan experienced some deep-rooted social changes which affected attitudes to health care services among both professionals and consumers alike. Health Care in Japan provides an introduction to and overview of health and medical services in Japan at that time. It describes the historical development of modern medical care; the social, political, and cultural factors which have influenced the development of the system for the provision of health and medical services. It also discusses and analyses those aspects of the health care system which are of concern to the governmen

OBJECTIVE: To disentangle the relationships among food insecurity, health care utilization, and health care expenditures. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: We use national data on 13 465 adults (age ≥ 18) from the 2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), the first year of the food insecurity measures. STUDY DESIGN: We employ two‐stage empirical models (probit for any health care use/expenditure, ordinary least squares, and generalized linear models for amount of utilization/expenditure), controlling for demographics, health insurance, poverty status, chronic conditions, and other predictors. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our results show that the likelihood of any health care expenditure (total, inpatient, emergency department, outpatient, and pharmaceutical) is higher for marginal, low, and very low food secure individuals. Relative to food secure households, very low food secure households are 5.1 percentage points (P < .001) more likely to have any health care expenditure, and have total health care expenditures that are 24.8 percent higher (P = .011). However, once we include chronic conditions in the models (ie, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, emphysema, high cholesterol, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and asthma), these underlying health conditions mitigate the differences in expenditures by food insecurity status (only the likelihood of any having any health care expenditure for very low food secure households remains statistically significant). CONCLUSIONS: Policy makers and government agencies are focused on addressing deficiencies in social determinants of health and the resulting impacts on health status and health care utilization. Our results indicate that chronic conditions are strongly associated with food insecurity and higher health care spending. Efforts to alleviate food insecurity should consider the dual burden of chronic conditions. Finally, future research can address specific mechanisms underlying the relationships between food security, health, and health care.

Different concepts of quality in health care have implications for nature, structure and composition of health service systems. Issues of access, cost and quality of care are intricately linked; for recipients, providers as well as for policy-makers. Quality in health care is a complex construct because it is linked not just with the quality of services provided at the institution and systemic level but has several tangible and intangible dimensions including individual patient's interests and larger societal concerns about improvement in health status. Quality is an important consideration for choosing the services for recipients, accreditation of hospitals for care providers, and for policy-makers while making decisions regarding health service system models. This article traces the way the issue has been dealt with at the policy and planning level so far, including the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) as well as in the proposed models for Universal Health Care by the High Level Expert Group (HLEG) and 12th Plan Steering committee reports.