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AbstractIn this paper, we emphasize the role of institutions as the underlying basis for economic and social activity. We describe and compare different institutional classification systems, which is rarely done in the literature, and show how to empirically operationalize institutional concepts. More than 30 established institutional indicators can be clustered into three homogeneous groups of formal institutions: legal, political and economic, which capture to a large extent the complete formal institutional environment of a country. We compute the latent quality of legal, political and economic institutions for every country in the world and for every year. On this basis, we propose a legal, political and economic World Institutional Quality Ranking, through which we can follow whether a country is improving or worsening its relative institutional environment. The calculated latent institutional quality measures can be especially useful in further panel data applications and add to the usual practice of using simply one or another index of institutional quality to capture the institutional environment. We make the Institutional Quality Dataset, covering up to 197 countries and territories from 1990 to 2010, freely available online.

INSTITUTIONAL ENTROPY IS A PROCESS WHICH AN INSTITUTION MAY UNDERGO AS IT GROWS OLDER, CAUSING IT TO FUNCTION AT A LOWER LEVEL AND LESS EFFECTIVELY. THE DATA SUPPLIED BY 300 LARGE CREDIT UNIONS GAVE NO INDICATION THAT OLDER OR NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS WERE LESS EFFICIENT THAN SIMILAR YOUNGER INSTITUTIONS.

This volume brings together prominent political theorists and international relations scholars - including some skeptics of cosmopolitanism - in a far-ranging dialogue about the institutional implications of the approach. The contributors offer penetrating analyses of both continuing and emerging issues around state sovereignty, democratic autonomy and accountability, and the promotion and protection of human rights. They also debate potential reforms of the current global system, from the transformation of cities and states to the creation of some encompassing world government capable of effectively promoting cosmopolitan aims

Institutional change transcends organizational change to focus on entire classes of organizations serving different societal functions (business, government, education, etc.) and how they are being transformed in response to a rapidly changing world. Unlike the "management" focus of organizational change - process design, teamwork, leadership, etc

This paper proposes a model of 'institutional gaming,' in which intentional agents pursue their projects through games of a looser and deeper sort. Over many interactions, they develop formal institutions and informal norms concerning appropriate ways of maneuvering within them and expanding upon them. Agents shift among several different institutions governed by different norms addressing each of their many different concerns. No one agent is decisive, either negatively or positively, for long. Such a model of intentional goal‐seeking agents, operating through and on history, and developing shared norms as an aid to doing so, makes tolerably good sense of much that modern institutionalists want to tell us.

This paper proposes a model of "institutional gaming," in which intentional agents pursue their projects through games of a looser & deeper sort. Over many interactions, they develop formal institutions & informal norms concerning appropriate ways of maneuvering within them & expanding upon them. Agents shift among several different institutions governed by different norms addressing each of their many different concerns. No one agent is decisive, either negatively or positively, for long. Such a model of intentional goal-seeking agents, operating through & on history, & developing shared norms as an aid to doing so, makes tolerably good sense of much that modern institutionalists want to tell us. 39 References. Adapted from the source document.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Review of Institutional Grammar Research: Overview, Opportunities, Challenges -- Chapter 3. Motivation for a New Institutional Grammar -- Chapter 4. Institutional Grammar 2.0: Conceptual Foundations and General Syntax -- Chapter 5. Institutional Grammar 2.0: Deep Structural Parsing and Hybrid Institutional Statements -- Chapter 6. Institutional Grammar 2.0: Semantic Features and Analytical Linkages -- Chapter 7. Methodological Guidance for Encoding Institutional Information -- Chapter 8. Institutional Analysis and Applications -- Chapter 9. Contextualization and Future Development of the Institutional Grammar.

Theories of institutional change have paid limited attention to the ways in which relations between institutional fields might facilitate or hinder institutional change. I introduce inter-field resource dependence as an important condition explaining institutional change between fields. Building on resource dependence theory, I conceptualize two dimensions of inter-field resource dependence: mutual dependence and power imbalance. I argue that these two dimensions have opposite effects on the likelihood of institutional change between fields. Mutual dependence between two fields increases the chances of institutional change by inducing actors in both the fields to work at creating new shared institutions in order to regulate their mutual dependence. Power imbalance between two fields decreases the chances of institutional change by inducing actors in the dominant field to work at maintaining existing institutions in order to preserve their power. Thus, different types of inter-field resource dependence motivate actors to undertake different forms of institutional work, which in turn shape the likelihood of institutional change between fields. Developing this core argument, I theorize that whether the institutional change occurring between two fields is radical or incremental is a function of the type of resource dependence linking the two fields; for example, when power imbalance is high, institutional change is unlikely but when it occurs it tends to be radical.