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The article examines the legal regulation of using cloud technologies for information storage. The author analyses the legal acts of Ukraine, the European Union, the USA, and self-governing organisations that unite intermediaries of cloud information systems regulating relations in data storage and using cloud technologies for user information processing. The author considers the provisions on the definition of cloud computing and cloud storage from the point of view of law. The author analyses specific regulations governing legal relations in the storage field and the use of information in cloud storage. The main functions are analysed: information storage creation of a multi-level database; collection of data and their systematisation, storage of big data and their processing; information exchange; support of other services; collection of data and their distribution by applications; and economic function. It is noted that the legal regulation of information storage in cloud storage is complex.

The article is devoted to the actualization and substantiation of the dual nature of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is a pluralistic approach to law and dualistic dialectics. In the aspect of the conflict nature of social development as one of the determinants of the social nature of law, the author states the methodological significance of conflictological legal understanding for the actualization of the dualistic nature of legal regulation in the unity of its regulatory and protective principles. The author proceeds from the hypothesis that legal regulation has as its subject the ordering and protection of social relations in the order of establishing regulatory and protective norms, which corresponds to the essence of law. The indicated dualism of the subject of legal regulation is used for its dual characterization at the level of positive and negative aspects, expressing the correlation of the dichotomy of the regulatory and protective functions of law with the dichotomy of positive and negative types of social relations. The argumentation of the positive and negative principles of legal regulation is based on institutional and legal means.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal nature of the cryptocurrency as an object of financial and legal regulation from the point of view of Russian legislation. It includes the analysis of the qualification of the cryptocurrency described as money, electronic money, foreign currency, other property, as well as the possibility of assigning crypto-loans to obligations rights. The conclusion is made about the possibility of treating cryptocurrency as private money on a par with national currencies. ; Russian State University of Justice, Russia ; Imeda Tsindeliani – Prof., Head of Financial Law Department of the Russian State University of Justice, The Candidate of Legal Science, the Associate Professor. ; imeda_pravo@mail.ru ; 15 ; 21 ; 12-13 ; Aryanova T. (2017), The tax on the crypto-currency: Where and how much it is necessary to pay for operations in bitcoins. ; Bando M.V.,Bryukhov N.G.,Valeeva N. G. (2016), Private law. Overcoming the tests, "Statute" no. 15. ; Harris L. (1990), Monetary theory, Progress, Moscow. ; Hayek F. A. (1975), Private money, Institute of Economic Affairs, London. ; Keynes J. M. (2016) General theory of employment, interest and money, Atlantic Publishers & Dist, Delhi. ; Luntz L. A. (2004), Money and monetary obligations in the civil law. –2nd ed., Statut, Moscow. ; McConnell K. R., Bru S. L. (2003) Economics, Publishing House INFRA, Russia. ; Novoselova L. (2017), About the legal nature of bitcoin, "Economy and Law" no. 15. ; Ponsford M.P. (2015), A Comparative Analysis of Bitcoin and Other Decentralised Virtual Currencies: Legal Regulation in the People's Republic of China, Canada, and the United States, "HKJ Legal Studies" no. 9. ; Prayogo G. (2018), Bitcoin, regulation and the importance of national legal reform, "Asian Journals of Law and Jurisprudence" no. 1(1). ; Savelyev A. I. (2017), Crypto currency in the system of civil rights objects, "Law" no. 8.

The present article reviews the legislation related to surrogacy in Georgia. It refers to the shortcomings provided in the legal regulations governing these issues and offer the recommendations for their elimination. Besides, the judgment made by the Tbilisi City Court Civil Panel on July 23, 2015 is considered which may be said to be of precedent character.

Electronic companies are considered one of the prerequisites of the technical revolution in the field of communications and informatics, through which companies aim to provide their services electronically. Traditional companies have taken to convert to electronic companies or create exclusive electronic companies; this is because this form of company has the advantage of saving effort and time. Hence, the importance of this study is to identify the legal regulation of electronic companies in Palestine, which takes place in an intangible environment, and to demonstrate the adequacy of the relevant legal rules for their regulation under the Electronic Transactions Law and the relevant laws, by indicating the meaning of the electronic company, its distinctive characteristics and the procedures for its establishment.

The legal regulation of the license agreement is considered. Its contractual construction is investigated. The norms of the Civil Code of Ukraine and other normative legal acts on determining the essential terms of the license agreement are analyzed and it is clarified, which conditions must be agreed by the parties in order for the license agreement to be considered concluded. The scientific analysis of the legal nature of the license agreement in the system of civil law agreements is carried out. The objective essential conditions and features of concluding a license agreement are revealed. The subject and terms of the contract are considered. The rights and responsibilities of the licensor and the licensee are analyzed. The advantages of each party of the contract are determined. The civil law aspects of regulation of contractual license relations are investigated. The legal nature of the license is determined. The classification of license agreements has been carried out. The analysis of the current legislation in the field of granting property rights to the results of intellectual activity is carried out. The essential conditions of the agreement on creation on the order and use of the object of intellectual property rights and the agreement on transfer of exclusive property rights of intellectual property are investigated. The relationship between the license and the license agreement has been clarified. Recommendations on the structure of license agreements and advice on their content and method of presentation are provided. Conclusions and proposals, aimed at improving civil legislation in the field of legal regulation of license agreements, are formulated. It is concluded, that the license agreement is a fair mechanism for obtaining remuneration for the creation or acquisition of intellectual property

The paper defines and uses the legal regulation of international maritime transport, the basic international legal instruments are considered separate provisions, as well as procedures for regulating international maritime legislation of Ukraine.International legal regulation, marine transportation, conventions, open water, maritime transport

The payment market of Ukraine has undergone significant changes in regulation in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services", which came into effect on August 1, 2022. As a result, instead of one payment service, the relevant law provides for ten payment services. Due to new types of services, the activities of payment service provider are going to vary and lead to different business models of activities. Consequently, there is a need to investigate the payment service in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services" as a separate object of legal regulation. The article examines the approaches to determining the nature of the term "service", and establishes which of the approaches is used in the payment service regulation. This article considers and systematizes payment services by different features. On the basis of features of the payment service, they could be categorized and can be identified as a separate object of legal regulation. These 10 new payment services are classified by the legislator according to different criteria, but at the same time they have one common feature: each payment service is directly or indirectly related to actions related to the transfer of money. Depending on the type of payment service, different requirements are applied to their provision in order to ensure the safety of the funds of clients of payment service providers. Payment service providers may also have different activity requirements that are proportionate to the risks inherent in a particular type of activity. With the help of a comparative analysis of scientific achievements and the legislation of Ukraine, as well as on the basis of isolated features of the payment service, it has been established whether it is possible to assert a separate regulation of the payment service. A definition of the term payment service is proposed, which can be used both in practical and academic areas.

This paper systematically deals with the matter of nomotechnical rules of drafting legal regulations with special reference to essential preconditions of drafting legal regulations. The national sources of law are studied relating to the procedure of drafting legal regulations, which arise from the Rules of Procedure of the Croatian Parliament and what possibilities the prescribed and unique methodological-nomotechnical rules have. The emphasis is on determining the essential preconditions for the enaction and drafting of legal regulations, and on the advantages that contribute to a better drafting of legal regulations in the national system. This is a very interesting topic since the so-called nomotechnical rules did not appear in scientific terms until the 19th century and are still evolving. The nomotechnical rules institute plays a very important role as a foundation of legal certainty.

The article deals with the features of the normative legal regulation of cooperation in 1917. New provisions regulating the activities of cooperative associations, that were fundamentally different from the norms of the cooperative legislation of the tsarist government, are defined. The author highlights the ideological foundations of the cooperative policy of the Provisional government, which influenced the formation of the main provisions of the cooperative legislation in 1917. Key features of the cooperative legislation of 1917 stand out: the determination of the legal status of cooperative companies for the first time a legislator was fixed definition of the concept of "cooperative partnership"; an accomplished fact of registration of a legal entity, this provision was introduced by the legislator for the first time since before the 1917 registration of a legal entity was permissive. This provision greatly facilitated the creation of cooperative associations, which contributed to their rapid growth. Another feature was that minors were allowed to become a member of a cooperative partnership from the age of seventeen, but they were not allowed to be included in the control and management bodies. Cooperative societies were now considered not only as an institution that increased the material well-being of the population, but also as an institution for its spiritual development. Since 1917, there had been a rapid growth of Union associations of cooperative associations both in the provincial and all-Russia ones. This was also a consequence of the new cooperative legislation. It is concluded that the rules of law that completely re-built the cooperative network, defined the status of cooperative partnerships, gave a new impetus to the development of cooperation as a powerful social movement that can mobilize huge masses of the population.

The present paper examines the system of legal means against unfair competition, with special regards to the means of criminal law and the characteristics of the criminal legal protection. The evaluation of the regulation is based on the provisions in force pertaining to the agreement in restraint of competition in public procurement and concession procedure, the emergence, and the correspondence of the rules of competition law and criminal law.