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The purpose of the article is to describe some genre and stylistic features of the 18th-century regional report, or donosheniye. The research is also focused on the semantic history of the term donosheniye reflected in the legislative acts of the 18 th century that regulated the language style of regional clerical work and determined the main trends in its systematization. It is pointed that the term donosheniye was used in the legislative documents of Peter the Great period as a synonym for doklad, raport (report) and chelobitnaya (humble petition). The research results show that the term donosheniye had lack of genre "purity" and was functionally polysemantic in regional business writing, which explains the original conceptual syncretism of the term. The author characterizes the petitioning type of donosheniye that emerged in the 18 th century simultaneously with establishment of the chelobitnaya. The analysis of the documents circulating in the Russian regions discovered that donosheniye, being integrated into the petitioning documents system, functioned as a petitioning statement in the cases which did not require judicial consideration. Conversely, chelobitnaya was a kind of lawsuit claim. It was proved that the petitioning type of donosheniye slightly changed the form, which was characteristic of this type of petitions; its genre features move closer to the reporting type of donosheniye.

Since the beginning of the 1980s, a growing number of studies have focused on the phenomenon of internationalisation. Yet, so far, the question of the impact of internationalisation on institutions and decision‐making processes has largely been neglected. In this article we attempt to overcome this weakness by analysing how internationalisation has affected the Swiss decision‐making system. To this end, we develop two research hypotheses. The first one deals with the effects of internationalisation on decision‐making institutions, while the second one focuses on its impact on the degree of elite conflictuality. These hypotheses are tested on all legislative acts adopted by the Federal Assembly during the 1995‐1999 legislative term and submitted to one of the three main direct democratic institutions (i.e. popular initiative, optional referendum, and obligatory referendum). Our findings show that, with the exception of cases of autonomous adaptation, legislative acts with a stronger international component arecharacterized by a weaker degree of pre‐parliamentary consultation, as well as by a lower level of parliamentary conflict

(Thesis) Thesis (Ed.D.)--University of Florida, 1969. ; (Bibliography) Bibliography: leaves 129-133. ; Manuscript copy. ; Vita.

Caption title. ; Includes index. ; Compiled by Lucius L. Hubbard. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Extra pages with new matter inserted. ; Includes indexes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Today the urgent direction of researches is the Institute of public (civil) examination in the legislative process, namely its order, structure and a form of carrying out. As an object of research public examination of bills and acts as a form of participation of civil society in lawmaking acts. The research represents the analysis of the degree of a legislative uregulirovannost of the procedure of conducting a public examination, use of its results at the completion of the bill, legal status of subjects of implementation of public examination. In this regard, a research objective is the analysis of the mechanism of realization of public examination as one of the kinds of specialized examinations of a definition of quality of bills. The principles of systemacity, complexity, objectivity, and also legalistic, comparative and legal methods of scientific knowledge of legal reality are the methodological basis for a research. On the basis of the conducted research where it is made scientifically based conclusions, among them, need of a specification of a feedback mechanism between the subject of public examination and lawmaking body for increase in effectiveness of public examination; an accurate regulation of terms of carrying out and a possibility of control of the accounting of the remarks specified in the expert opinion. In particular, the idea of the development of the federal law for the regulation of the public relations arising in the course of conducting public examination is offered. It was established that conducting public examination promotes active and effective cooperation between the public and the power in the major political sphere — legislative activity. And also, positive value of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation concerning its practice of conducting public examination was revealed that promotes ensuring continuous interaction of citizens with public authorities of all levels and local government bodies for identification, coordination and the accounting of certain requirements and ...

Darba autore, sertificēta maksātnespējas administratore, balstoties uz savu un kolēģu pieredzi, darbā apskata galvenās atšķirības līdz 2008.gada 1.janvārim spēkā esošajā likumā Par uzņēmumu un uzņēmējsabiedrību maksātnespēju un jaunajā Maksātnespējas likumā, analizē maksātnespējas procesus un grāmatvedības kārtošanu regulējošo normatīvo aktu bāzi, izvērtē maksātnespējas prognozēšanas metodes un rādītājus, analizē maksātnespējas procesu statistiku, veic maksātnespējīgo sabiedrību grāmatvedības kārtošanas analīzi un nozīmi šādu sabiedrību savlaicīgā atklāšanā, un konstatē ar grāmatvedību saistītās problēmas maksātnespējas procesos. Autore secina, ka Latvijas likumdošanas aktos ir nepieciešamas korekcijas un papildinājumi attiecībā uz maksātnespējīgo sabiedrību grāmatvedību, kā arī nepieciešama atsevišķu likumu normu savstarpēja saskaņošana ; The author of the paper, a certified insolvency administrator, taking into account hers direct experience and hers colleagues experience, in the paper look into the main differences of the Insolvency Law valid until 01 January of 2008 and the Insolvency Law in force, analyses insolvency processes and the acquis of the accounting, appraises the forecasting methods of the insolvency and the indexes, analyses the statistics of the insolvency processes, analyses accountancy in insolvent enterprises and meaning of the timely revealed insolvent enterprises and establishes the problems associated to accountancy in insolvency processes. In conclusion the author states that there are necessary to do amendments in legislative acts of the Republic of Latvia concerning to the accounting system in insolvency enterprises as well as it is necessary to harmonize some legislative acts

The article presents the analysis of lecturers' performance indicators, which were listed in 70 universities' legislative acts. These universities are subordinated to the Ministry of education and science of Russian Federation. It was shown by foreign researchers that the system of assessment used in education had an impact on the professional activities of teachers and lecturers. Such management decisions as promotion, punishment, control were used after these assessments. We have analyzed lecturers' performance indicators from the standpoint that these indicators can influence the professional activity of the lecturer. The frequency of lecturers' performance indicators among 70 universities' legislative acts wascalculated. Results of research work, administrative positions and previous achievements of lecturers (such as scientific statuses (candidate and doctor of science, academicians and etc.) and awards in research and teaching) are largely rewarded in the universities. ; В статье приведены результаты анализа критериев материального стимулирования преподавателей, полученные из текстов положений об оплате труда 70 вузов, подведомственных Минобрнауки России. Зарубежными исследователями показано, что системы оценки, применяемые в сфере образования и сопровождающиеся принятием управленческих решений (поощрение, наказание, контроль), оказывают влияние на профессиональную деятельность оцениваемых. В данной статье состав вузовских критериев материального вознаграждения оценивается с позиций того, что они могут оказывать влияние на профессиональную деятельность преподавателя. Даны количественные оценки частоты использования различных критериев стимулирования. В большей степени вознаграждаются результаты научно-исследовательской работы, выполнение административных обязанностей и предыдущие достижения преподавателей, которые привели к получению общепризнанных статусов и наград.

Every citizen living in society has to bear the consequences ensuing from applying regular domestic laws and regulations. This principle, however, only applies to the extent that the burdens imposed do not turn out to be excessive. In the opposite case, based on the liability without fault for violation of equal treatment with regard to public burdens, the author of the law or regulation needs to bear the exceptional burden caused by his intervention. Although appearing to contribute to a certain equilibrium between the State and the persons subject to its administration, this regime nevertheless seems to be implemented with some difficulty into domestic law. Indeed, confronted with the impossible task to permanently reconcile diverging interests, the judge rather tends to preserve the State's prerogatives. Such protection can be explained by financial considerations, but the true reason seems to be the will not to critisize the work of the legislator. This being given, such an interpretation of the regime of State liability for legislative acts encounters problems where damage is caused by an irregular law or regulation violating European Community law. Although an analysis of the case law shows that the courts have surmounted their scepsis with regard to holding the State liable for administrative acts violating European Community law, they preserve a very protective attitude towards the legislative activity. Today, the Conseil d'Etat still refuses to hold the State liable for laws in contradiction with European Community law and makes use of numerous juridical mecanisms to maintain this immunity. Such opinion of the French administrative judge appears to be very criticable, given that there seems to be no serious juridical argument preventing the recognition of such a liability without fault regime for legislative acts of the State. Furthermore, the approval of such regime could be possible notably by implementing existing rules into the State's domestic law. ; Tout citoyen vivant en société doit supporter ...

Every citizen living in society has to bear the consequences ensuing from applying regular domestic laws and regulations. This principle, however, only applies to the extent that the burdens imposed do not turn out to be excessive. In the opposite case, based on the liability without fault for violation of equal treatment with regard to public burdens, the author of the law or regulation needs to bear the exceptional burden caused by his intervention. Although appearing to contribute to a certain equilibrium between the State and the persons subject to its administration, this regime nevertheless seems to be implemented with some difficulty into domestic law. Indeed, confronted with the impossible task to permanently reconcile diverging interests, the judge rather tends to preserve the State's prerogatives. Such protection can be explained by financial considerations, but the true reason seems to be the will not to critisize the work of the legislator. This being given, such an interpretation of the regime of State liability for legislative acts encounters problems where damage is caused by an irregular law or regulation violating European Community law. Although an analysis of the case law shows that the courts have surmounted their scepsis with regard to holding the State liable for administrative acts violating European Community law, they preserve a very protective attitude towards the legislative activity. Today, the Conseil d'Etat still refuses to hold the State liable for laws in contradiction with European Community law and makes use of numerous juridical mecanisms to maintain this immunity. Such opinion of the French administrative judge appears to be very criticable, given that there seems to be no serious juridical argument preventing the recognition of such a liability without fault regime for legislative acts of the State. Furthermore, the approval of such regime could be possible notably by implementing existing rules into the State's domestic law. ; Tout citoyen vivant en société doit supporter ...