What form does the dialogue about the family past during the Nazi period take in families of those persecuted by the Nazi regime and in families of Nazi perpetrators and bystanders? What impact does the past of the first generation, and their own way of dealing with it have on the lives of their children and grandchildren?What are the differences between the dialogue about the family past and the Holocaust in families of Nazi perpetrators and in families of Holocaust survivors?This book examines these questions on the basis of selected case studies.
"During the Nazi regime many children and youth living in Europe found their lives uprooted by Nazi policies, resulting in their relocation around the globe. The Young Victims of the Nazi Regime is a significant attempt to represent the diversity of their experiences, covering a range of non-European perspectives on the Second World War and aspects of memory. The book is unique in that it places the experiences of children and youth in a transnational context, shifting the conversation of displacement and refuge to countries that have remained under-examined in a comparative context. Featuring essays from a wide range of international experts in the field, it analyses these themes in three sections: the flight and migration of children and youth to countries including England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Kenya, and Brazil; the experiences of children and youth who remained in Nazi Europe and became victims of war, displacement and deportation; and finally the challenges of rebuilding lives and representing war traumas in the immediate and recent post-war periods respectively. In its comparisons between Jewish and non-Jewish experiences and how these intersected and diverged, it revisits debates about cultural genocide through the separation of families and communities, as well as contributing new perspectives on forced labour, families and the Holocaust, and Germans as war victims"--
The article considers the political and administrative measures of the Nazi regime to establish control over the academic life of German universities. Academic self-government contradicted the Nazi political order, so the universities were quickly incorporated into the administrative system of the new government, and their autonomy was abolished.In parallel, the new authorities made direct ideological interference in the curricula and subjects of scientific research, reformatting them in the spirit of the doctrine of National Socialism. After the reform, university disciplines and studies began to serve the ideological needs of the ruling regime and substantiate Nazi policies. Control over the content of curricula and the activity of teachers was placed on the party committees of the NSDAP established in universities.In order to purify the universities from the non-Aryan spirit, the Nazis conducted political purges among students and scientists. Their victims were Jews and opponents of the Gittler regime. From 1933 to 1939 years the number of students in German universities was reduced from 128 000 to 58 000, and the work lost up to 20% of teachers.At the same time despite the repressive nature of the Nazi regime, most teachers began to cooperate with the new government. The universities turned into public platforms for Nazi policies and ideology. The other side of political purges was the mass entry of professors and associate professors into the Nazi Party as a manifestation of political loyalty. By the end of the 1930s, half of the teachers were members of the NSDAP. Since the basis of Nazi ideology was biology and racial theory, the highest level of membership in the party was found in medical faculties that tended to these disciplines. Up to 70% of the teachers of these faculties had a party ticket. The smallest - about 30% - this figure was at the technical and natural faculties, which traditionally tried to distance themselves far from politics.As a result of the long domination of Nazi ideas in the academic sphere, the quality of higher education and research at universities in the Third Reich has been constantly falling, and political cleansing has led to the emigration of a significant part of talented scientists.On the other hand, the new rules, imposed by the Nazi regime, quickly took root in the educational system. Universities began to train professionals loyal to the Fuhrer and the state, although the quality of their training fell.Key words: the higher education, political cleansing, ideological campaigns, conformism, The Third Reich, the academic community, National Socialism. ; У статті розглядаються політико-управлінські заходи нацистського режиму щодо встановлення контролю над академічним життям німецьких вишів, що мали значний вплив на їхній інституційний розвиток. Аналізуються трансформація моделі вузівського управління та змісту навчальних планів у дусі націонал-соціалізму, чистки серед студентства та викладачів.Стверджується, що академічна спільнота не чинила активного опору новому режиму Гітлера, а виші перетворились на публічні майданчики для нацистської політики та ідеології.
During National Socialist occupation in World War II, Eastern Europe was measured, surveyed, and planned anew. Alongside the actors, practices, and technology involved in this process, this volume presents results from the fields of regional and urban planning, and architectural research, inquiring in particular into the possibility of 'measuring,' documenting, and presenting the Nazi occupation regime using digital methods of analysis.
Using retrospective survey data that covers 1939, 1950, 1960, and 1971, I compare individual-level changes in employment industry and occupational status in Germany from the beginning of World War II to the post-war reconstruction era dubbed the Economic Miracle (Wirtschaftswunder). This comparison reveals that, with only a few exceptions, labor allocation developments remained relatively stable even in the face of huge political and macroeconomic change.
The purpose of this study is to investigate methods and means of recovery of imposed agricultural obligations. The aim of this paper is to analyse the methods and means for recovery of imposed agricultural obligations in Lithuania, occupied by military forces of Nazi Germany. To achieve the aim, the following objectives have been set: 1) to discuss adaptation of production of agricultural products to meet needs of the war in Lithuania under the Nazi regime; 2) to analyse the methods and means used by occupational Nazi authorities for recovery of agricultural obligations imposed on farmers of Lithuania; 3) to discuss other obligations imposed (other than delivery of agricultural products) on Lithuanian farmers, analyse methods and means for their recovery; 4) submit the exhaustive and reliable statistics on recovery of imposed obligations related to delivery of agricultural products. The topic chosen is a relevant and new one, as this problem has not been presented exhaustively in Lithuanian historiography. First of all, we lack a generalized analysis on the entire Lithuania scale, analysis which must be more detailed, based on archive or reliable statistical data related to practical application of the mechanism of recovery of agricultural obligations (primarily aiming at agricultural products) imposed. This article aims at filling these and other gaps in relevant historiography. During the research the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. In the case of Germany victory in the war, the territories of all Baltic states, including Lithuania, were to be included into the Nazi Reich. During the wartime, the economy of these countries had to serve demands of the Vermacht and meet other Reich needs, irrespective of the interests of the local people and local economies. It had not been planned to create a considerable consumer goods industry. These countries had to be cheap labour sources and base for provision of raw materials, as well as a market for realization of German industry products. 2. The essence of the Nazi agricultural policy in the occupied Lithuania meant a unilateral demand to increase production of basic food products and raw materials in order to provide the German troops as well as local residents and Germans in Germany with food products. The Nazi imposed on farmers various obligations related to agricultural products and various equipment (mobilization of horses with carts and harnesses, obligations of manual work and transport, etc.) 3. Civil occupational Nazi authorities adapted Lithuanian municipal system to meet their agricultural needs during the wartime. The occupational authorities through threatening the officers of Lithuanian municipal system with penalties and negative consequences related to agriculture and farmers, using the help of Lithuanian officers, managed to recover a huge amount of agriculture products from this country agriculture sector. Whereas Lithuanian municipal officers of higher rank were forced to apply constantly the psychological pressure or even coercion on their own subordinates and colleagues of lower rank. 4. In order to recover agricultural obligations fulfilment, the occupants applied both repressive and promoting measures. Among repressive ones, farmer removal from his/her farm should be mentioned as well as requisition of agricultural products, cash penalties, farmers suing with the German Special Court, forcible confining in detention facilities, forced-labour camps or even killing by firing squad. Especially famous for farmers killing by firing squad was H. Wulff, the commissar of Vilnius county district. By killing the farmers, the occupants sought to intimidate the villagers so that they would better fulfil the obligations imposed. 5. To perform recovery of fulfilment of imposed agricultural obligations, the following promoting measures used to be applied: issue of ownership documents, granting the possibility of acquisition of industrial goods, etc. 6. The Nazi failed to convert Lithuanian farmers into obedient executors of alien will. Due to harsh conditions of the wartime and sabotage of Lithuanian farmers in order to protect their farms from the complete deterioration, occupational government of the Nazi each economic year failed to collect from Lithuanian villages planned agricultural products contingencies irrespective of requisition of the large part of agricultural production of this country.
The purpose of this study is to investigate methods and means of recovery of imposed agricultural obligations. The aim of this paper is to analyse the methods and means for recovery of imposed agricultural obligations in Lithuania, occupied by military forces of Nazi Germany. To achieve the aim, the following objectives have been set: 1) to discuss adaptation of production of agricultural products to meet needs of the war in Lithuania under the Nazi regime; 2) to analyse the methods and means used by occupational Nazi authorities for recovery of agricultural obligations imposed on farmers of Lithuania; 3) to discuss other obligations imposed (other than delivery of agricultural products) on Lithuanian farmers, analyse methods and means for their recovery; 4) submit the exhaustive and reliable statistics on recovery of imposed obligations related to delivery of agricultural products. The topic chosen is a relevant and new one, as this problem has not been presented exhaustively in Lithuanian historiography. First of all, we lack a generalized analysis on the entire Lithuania scale, analysis which must be more detailed, based on archive or reliable statistical data related to practical application of the mechanism of recovery of agricultural obligations (primarily aiming at agricultural products) imposed. This article aims at filling these and other gaps in relevant historiography. During the research the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. In the case of Germany victory in the war, the territories of all Baltic states, including Lithuania, were to be included into the Nazi Reich. During the wartime, the economy of these countries had to serve demands of the Vermacht and meet other Reich needs, irrespective of the interests of the local people and local economies. It had not been planned to create a considerable consumer goods industry. These countries had to be cheap labour sources and base for provision of raw materials, as well as a market for realization of German industry products. 2. The essence of the Nazi agricultural policy in the occupied Lithuania meant a unilateral demand to increase production of basic food products and raw materials in order to provide the German troops as well as local residents and Germans in Germany with food products. The Nazi imposed on farmers various obligations related to agricultural products and various equipment (mobilization of horses with carts and harnesses, obligations of manual work and transport, etc.) 3. Civil occupational Nazi authorities adapted Lithuanian municipal system to meet their agricultural needs during the wartime. The occupational authorities through threatening the officers of Lithuanian municipal system with penalties and negative consequences related to agriculture and farmers, using the help of Lithuanian officers, managed to recover a huge amount of agriculture products from this country agriculture sector. Whereas Lithuanian municipal officers of higher rank were forced to apply constantly the psychological pressure or even coercion on their own subordinates and colleagues of lower rank. 4. In order to recover agricultural obligations fulfilment, the occupants applied both repressive and promoting measures. Among repressive ones, farmer removal from his/her farm should be mentioned as well as requisition of agricultural products, cash penalties, farmers suing with the German Special Court, forcible confining in detention facilities, forced-labour camps or even killing by firing squad. Especially famous for farmers killing by firing squad was H. Wulff, the commissar of Vilnius county district. By killing the farmers, the occupants sought to intimidate the villagers so that they would better fulfil the obligations imposed. 5. To perform recovery of fulfilment of imposed agricultural obligations, the following promoting measures used to be applied: issue of ownership documents, granting the possibility of acquisition of industrial goods, etc. 6. The Nazi failed to convert Lithuanian farmers into obedient executors of alien will. Due to harsh conditions of the wartime and sabotage of Lithuanian farmers in order to protect their farms from the complete deterioration, occupational government of the Nazi each economic year failed to collect from Lithuanian villages planned agricultural products contingencies irrespective of requisition of the large part of agricultural production of this country.
