THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A CRITICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE BROADER HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT. BY REVIEWING THE ISSUE AS ONE HISTORICAL CHAPTER IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POOR COUNTRIES AND THE MANAGERS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, IT INDICATES HOW OPPOSITIONAL POLITICAL DEBATE WAS CONSTRAINED BY PERVASIVE, ALTHOUGH AHISTORICAL, IDEAS OF ECONOMIC NECESSITY AND THE SUPPOSED ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF OPEN MARKETS.
THIS ARTICLE REVISITS THE DEBATE ABOUT COMMUNITY, WHICH WAS STIMULATED BY THE RECEPTION OF THE IDEA OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY INTO SOCIAL THINKING. IT ASKS WHAT MODELS OF COMMUNITY WERE OFFERED AS A RESPONSE TOT HE EMERGENCE OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, AND WHETHER THEY HAVE PRESENT-DAY DESCENDANTS. THE SUGGESTIONS WILL BE THAT PRESENT-DAY AND "INDUSTRIAL" MODELS OF COMMUNITY CAN BE LINKED IN WAYS THAT COMPLEMENT, OR EVEN CHALLENGE, THE TYPOLOGY OF MODELS OF COMMUNITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES; AND THAT THERE ARE MORE INTERESTING WAYS TO CLASSIFY THINKING ABOUT TYPES OF COMMUNITY THAN THE ALLEGED CONTRAST BETWEEN LIBERALISM AND COMMUNITARIANISM, OR INDIVIDUALISM AND COMMUNITARIANISM, RECOGNIZES.
DIFFERENCE CAN MEAN MANY THINGS--INEQUALITY, THE NON-SAME OR CHANGE. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES ALL THESE INTERPRETATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF RECENT DEBATES AROUND DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRAXIS. IN PARTICULAR IF FOCUSES ON THE WAYS IN WHICH POST-STRUCTURALIST IDEAS HAVE CHALLENGED THOSE OF VARIOUS MARXISMS AND HOW POLITICAL ACTIVISM MAY CHANGE AS A RESULT. THE AUTHOR HAS TAKEN TEN BOOKS PUBLISHED IN THE LAST TWO YEARS AND DRAWN OUT THEMES WHICH RUN THROUGH THEM. IN MANY, THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AS DISCOURSE IS OPENED UP AND VARIOUS DISCOURSES ARE, TO USE THE CONTEMPORARY PARLANCE, DECONSTRUCTED TO REVEAL THE POWER RELATIONS UNDERLYING THEM. IN DOING THIS ONE SEES DEVELOPMEN AS EUROCENTRIC, PATRIARCHAL AND DISCIPLINING. THIS ALSO BRINGS THE ANALYTICAL FOCUS ONTO HUMAN AGENCY AND THE CONSTRUCTION AND DEPLOYMENT OF IDENTITIES WHICH HAS THE POTENTIAL TO MOVE ONE WELL AWAY FORM MATERIALIST ACCOUNTS OF POLITICAL ACTION. THE POST-COLONIAL LITERATURE IS EXAMINED BRIEFLY AS IT FOCUSES ON SUCH COMPLEX ISSUES OF IDENTITY. AFTER DESTABILIZING THIS KNOWLEDGE-ACTION AXIS HE LOOKS AT HOW THE VARIOUS AUTHORS CONCEIVE OF FUTURE CHANGE. FOR SOME THE ANSWER LIES IN CIVIL SOCIETY WHERE THESE IDENTITIES AND RESISTANCES FORM THE BASIS FOR "POST-DEVELOPMENTAL" CHANGE. OTHERS SEE A NEED TO ENGAGE WITH THE EXISTING INSTITUTIONS, ESPECIALLY THE STATE AND THE INTERNATIONAL LENDERS, AND WORK BOTH WITHIN AND AGAINST THEM. HE CONCLUDES WITH SOME PROBLEMATICS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE WHICH CENTER OPY: 1997
Die methodischen Ansätze zur Meßbarkeit kausaler Folgewirkungen von Ideen auf die praktische Politik sind alle mit Defiziten behaftet. Die Behaviourismustheorie wirft Probleme im kausalen Nachweis von statistisch meßbaren Ideen resp. politischer Umsetzung auf. Institutionelle Analysen gehen hingegen gerade auf die Besonderheiten kausaler Wirkzusammenhänge und deren Mechanismen ein, zeigen jedoch dafür Probleme in der inhaltlich-ideellen Erfassung auf. Diese wird wiederum durch die Diskursanalyse gut erfasst, die ihrerseits Defizite in der kausalen Wirkungsforschung aufweist. Daraus folgt, daß Diskursanalysen zukünftig stärkeres Augenmaß auf die Meßbarkeit kausaler Zusammenhänge legen müssen, während behaviouralistische und institutionelle Analyseansätze um diskursive Praktiven und inhaltlich-interpretative Komponenten erweitert werden müssen. (SWP-Krh)
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO EXAMINE THE CHALLENGES TO THE SECURITY OF BANGLADESH IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA. IT TAKES THE PEOPLE AS THE MAIN FOCUS OF THE SECURITY DEBATE--BOTH IN TERMS OF OBJECT AND INSTRUMENT OF SECURITY. IT HIGHLIGHTS THE PRIMACY OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS IN THE DEBATE AND OUTLINES THE NATURE AND PROCESS OF ALIENATION OF THE PEOPLE FROM SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, WITH A VIEW TO PROPOSING A PEOPLE-BASED APPROACH TO BANGLADESH'S SECURITY.
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SOME NOTABLE DISSENTING VOICES, IT IS NOW GENERALLY RECOGNIZED THAT THE RATIO OF CONSULTANTS AND GP PRINCIPALS TO JUNIOR DOCTORS SHOULD BE RADICALLY INCREASED. NOW THE DEBATE IS MORE ABOUT HOW THIS MAY BE ACHIEVED AND WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MEDICAL WORK, ESPECIALLY IN HOSPITALS. WHAT IS, PERHAPS, STILL NOT SUFFICIENTLY RECOGNIZED IS THAT THE PRESENT CAREER STRUCTURE WAS ONLY ABLE TO CONTINUE BECAUSE SUCH A HIGH PROPORTION OF JUNIOR DOCTORS WERE FROM OVERSEAS.
