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Everything in their respective positions divides them: Alain Badiou is the thinker of a revitalized communism and Alain Finkielkraut the mournful observer of the loss of values. The two opponents, gathered here for their first-ever debate, have irreconcilable visions. Yet neither is a stranger to controversy, and in this debate they make explicit the grounds of their personal dispute as well as addressing, in a frank and open exchange, their ideas and theories. Guided by Aude Lancelin, the two philosophers discuss subjects as diverse as national identity, Israel and Judaism, May 1968, and re

What can we learn from a Marxist history and philosophy of science? There are at least three crucial lessons that scholars should seriously reassess. First, the idea that there is a constitutive relation between practice and theory in knowledge production. This was a central concern for many Marxist HPS scholars and led them to conceive "science" as a praxis and as a situated, and not exclusively intellectual, enterprise. Second, the idea that there is a thread connecting social relations, technologies, and scientific abstractions. Modes of thinking and understanding are related to particular social formations. And third, the idea that modern science is both a cause and product of capitalist modes of production, which expanded globally and generated all sorts of inequalities and polarizations. Altogether, these lessons put forward a coherent perspective addressing the socioeconomic nature of scientific knowledge, which is still relevant today.

Desmond M. Clarke presents a thematic history of French philosophy from the middle of the sixteenth century to the beginning of Louis XIV's reign. He explores the thought of lawyers, political leaders, theologians, and scholars, in relation to topics ranging from political theory, scepticism, and ethics, to philosophy of mind and women's equality

This book is the first systematic account of Pierre Charron's influence among the major French philosophers in the period (1601-1662). It shows that Charron's Wisdom was one of the main sources of inspiration of Pierre Gassendi's first published book, the Exercitationes adversus aristoteleos. It sheds new light on La Mothe Le Vayer, who is usually viewed as a major free thinker. By showing that he was a follower of Charron, La Mothe emerges neither as a skeptical apologist nor as a disguised libertine, as combatting superstition but not as irreligious. The book shows the close presence of Charron in the preambles of Descartes' philosophy and that the cogito is mainly based on the moral Academic self-assurance of Charron's wise man. This interpretation reverses the standard view of Descartes' relation to skepticism. Once this skepticism is recognized to be Charron's Academic one, it is seen not as the target but as the source of the cogito. Pascal is the last major philosopher for whom Charron's wisdom is crucially relevant. Montaigne and Descartes influenced, respectively, Pascal's view of the Pyrrhonian skeptic and of the skeptical main arguments. The book shows that Charron's Academic skeptical wise man is one of the main targets of his projected apology for Christianity, since he considered him as a threat and counter-example of the kind of Christian view of human beings he believed. By restoring the historical philosophical relevance of Charron in early modern philosophy and arguing for the relevance of Academic skepticism in the period, this book opens a new research program to early modern scholars and will be valuable for those interested in the history of philosophy, French literature and religion

This edited volume explains the importance of regional public goods (RPGs) for sustainable development and shows why they are particularly important in the context of 21st-century international relations. By presenting a new and original data set and by presenting original essays by renowned scholars, this book lays the foundation for what will become an increasingly important focus for both economic development and international relations as well as for their intersection. This book contains four parts. The first introduces the core issues and concepts that are explored throughout the book as well as a new and original data set on regional public goods (RPGs). The second part further develops specific concepts important for understanding 21st-century RPGs: regional leadership, alliances, networks, and outcomes. The third part examines how cooperation takes place worldwide for a range of important RPGs. The fourth part discusses how public goods are produced in specific regions, stressing that each region has a distinct context and that these contexts overlap in a decentered "multiplex" manner.

21st Century Gay -- Contents -- one: A Community of Many Parts -- two: AIDS: Past, Present and Future -- three: Coming Out -- four: Gay Marriage -- five: Gay Adoption -- six: Gays and Politics -- seven: Gays and Religion -- eight: Violence Against Gays -- nine: An End to Homophobia? -- bibliography

Intro -- 21ST CENTURY COUNTERINTELLIGENCE -- 21ST CENTURY COUNTERINTELLIGENCE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE NATIONAL COUNTERINTELLIGENCE STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA∗ -- PREFACE -- FOREWORD -- THE STRATEGY -- SECURE THE NATION AGAINST FOREIGN ESPIONAGE AND ELECTRONIC PENETRATION -- PROTECT THE INTEGRITY OF THE US INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM -- SUPPORT NATIONAL POLICY AND DECISIONS -- PROTECT US ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE, TRADE SECRETS AND KNOW HOW -- SUPPORT US ARMED FORCES -- MANAGE THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY TO ACHIEVE EFFICIENT COORDINATION -- IMPROVE TRAINING AND EDUCATION OF THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY -- EXPAND NATIONAL AWARENESS OF COUNTERINTELLIGENCE RISK IN THE PRIVATE AS WELL AS PUBLIC SECTOR -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 2 STRATEGIC COUNTERINTELLIGENCE. WHAT IS IT AND WHAT SHOULD WE DO ABOUT IT?∗ -- THE MEANING OF "STRATEGIC COUNTERINTELLIGENCE" -- THE THREAT IS STRATEGIC -- WHAT STANDS IN THE WAY? -- A STATUS REPORT -- THE BOTTOM LINE -- ENDNOTES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 THE NRO/NATIONAL MILITARY INTELLIGENCE ASSOCIATION COUNTERINTELLIGENCE SYMPOSIUM WASHINGTON DC, 24 OCTOBER 2007∗ -- "STRATEGIC COUNTERINTELLIGENCE: PROTECTING AMERICA IN THE 21ST CENTURY" -- THE STRATEGIC ISSUES -- GLOBAL TRENDS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 REMARKS OF JOEL F. BRENNER NATIONAL COUNTERINTELLIGENCE EXECUTIVE "STRATEGIC COUNTERINTELLIGENCE" AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION STANDING COMMITTEE ON LAW AND NATIONAL SECURITY THE UNIVERSITY CLUB, WASHINGTON DC 8:00 AM, 29 MARCH 2007∗ -- COUNTERINTELLIGENCE: WHAT IT IS -- THE NC IX: WHO HE IS AND ISN'T -- WHAT I'VE DONE IN SIX MONTHS -- STRATEGY AND NEW FRONTIERS -- INTELLIGENCE UNDER LAW -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 5 "COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: NOT JUST A GOVERNMENT PROBLEM"∗ -- BEHAVIOR -- CYBER ATTACK WARNING -- ACQUISITION RISK -- THE BEIJING OLYMPICS -- GLOBAL TRENDS.

This essay contrasts Nietzsche's remarks on elite education with W.E.B. Du Bois' demand for democratized education. The essay takes their remarks as springboards for a twenty-first century philosophy of education rather than an historical account of their philosophies. Both thinkers cultivated Kant and Hegel's dream that the spirit of freedom guided by reason would unite all the world's peoples. Both held that education was key to realizing the dream. Their judgments about qualifying for education separated them. Nietzsche insisted that only the elite should receive the fullest measure of education. Du Bois believed that in the future virtually every human being would receive a university-level education. The essay's principal point is to show how contemporary technology can make Du Bois' dream a reality. An African philosopher's working model demonstrates a path to universal university education.

Preliminary Material -- The New Metaphysics of Immanence -- Bergson's Matter-Image: The Degradation of the Impersonal -- Sartre's Image-Consciousness: The Allergic Reaction to Matter -- Lyotard's Sublime: The Ontologization of the Image -- Baudrillard's Simulacrum: The End of Visibility -- Deleuze's Time-Image: Getting Rid of Ourselves -- Imaginary Time -- Bibliography -- Index.