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The framework for professional education in recreation developed primarily from recommendations of national conferences on the subject. The trend is for increasing emphasis on broad general foundations in humanities and social sciences with opportunities for specialization in various aspects—hospital, industry, municipal, administration—to be centered in the upper division and graduate levels. Problems are: supply of potential leaders, organizational pat terns, accreditation, institutional roles, professional standards. Needs are: more evaluation, more research, higher standards. Suggested guidelines are: coopera tive effort, flexibility in approach, balanced offerings, and reflection of the needs of the profession and society.

The many ways of regulating lawyers -- Formation and termination -- Aspects of an ongoing relationship -- Attorneys' fees and transactions with clients -- Representing entities and groups -- Incompetence : remedies for malpractice and constitutional ineffectiveness -- Confidentiality and secrecy -- Attorney-client privilege and work product doctrine -- Professional duty of confidentiality -- Perjury in civil and criminal litigation : the lawyer's "trilemma" -- Attorney conduct in litigation : forensic tactics, fair and foul -- The client fraud problem -- Overview of conflicts of interest -- Concurrent conflicts -- Concurrent conflicts issues in specific contexts -- Former-client conflicts and migratory lawyers -- Personal-interest conflicts -- Attracting clients : advertising and solicitation -- Associations of lawyers -- The organized bar -- The judicial role.

Introduction -- You and the court -- Behaving ethically -- You and your client -- You and your regulator -- You and your practice -- Dealing with the client without a solicitor - public -- Complaints -- The unregistered barrister -- The scope of practice -- The qualification rules -- The proceeds of crime act 2002 -- The letter and spirit of the code : professional ethics and personal values -- Professional conduct problems.

AbstractOrganization structures and processes of UK-based professional associations and regulatory bodies (professional bodies) are analyzed across all professions and over the long term. These are successful, long lived, and important organizations which have been neglected in the sociological and organizational literatures. Numbers have been growing and on average these organizations have enjoyed consistent financial success. They have been changing, reacting in part to external challenges, but also in response to internal challenges arising from growth and strains due to reactions to changes from their primary stakeholders, their members. We trace substantial changes in their staffing, governance, and education activities. We evaluate whether these changes amount to corporatization, as has been found in other public and third-sector organizations. We evaluate whether the changes confirm the charge that these organizations demonstrate the iron law of oligarchy. We find corporatization has been substantial but limited and that the changes represent shifting toward strategy rather than oligarchy, though democratic weakening has occurred. We find organization responses to member confusion, concerns, and criticisms to be influential in driving these changes and contributing to the sustainability of these organizations.

Various professional software programmes have become available to practitioners for use with clients but these have been adopted only on an ad hoc basis of individual initiative. Tony Pipe of Greater Manchester Probation Service summarises a recent pilot project to assess systematically the effectiveness of three programmes designed for day-to-day work with substance abusing clients and discusses worker resistance to this kind of innovation.