Annak a városszerkezeti változtatásnak a rendkívüli léptékét, amelyet a pesti Nagykörút megtervezése, majd kiépítése hozott magával, akkor mérhetjük fel igazán, ha megtekintjük a Halácsy Sándor-féle, 1872-ben készült Pest belterületének városrendezési térképét.1 Ez a térkép jól láttatja ugyanis, hogy az 1871. évi XLII. törvénycikk által megépíteni rendelt négy és fél kilométer hosszú útvonal nem pusztán összekötötte a város központja és perifériája közötti közlekedés sugárirányú főútvonalait: a Nádor utcát, a Váci utat, a Király utcát, a Kerepesi (ma Rákóczi) utat, a Stáció (ma Baross) utcát és az Üllői utat.2 Mivel a Dunától Dunáig rajzolt félkörívet az akkor városiasan kiépült belterület és a mezőgazdasági jellegű, gyér beépítésű külterület határvidékén húzták meg, elvben ideális helyszínt kínált a gyors, "zöldmezős" építkezések számára. Ugyanakkor várható volt, hogy a városperemen megszülető, mintegy 250 házból álló, reprezentatív bulvár jelentősen ösztönözni fogja a környezete beépítését is.
pt. III. Society and culture. Order, hierarchy and cultural capital. The "bishops of the Hungarian crown" : a case study in the ecclesiastical, social and constitutional history of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in south-eastern Europe / Joachim Bahlcke -- Levels of group loyalty at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries : Kolozsvár in the Rákóczi War of Independence / Emese Bálint -- Comparing the Enlightenment : men of letters and the intellectual milieu in eighteenth-century Naples / Anna Maria Rao -- Disorder, discipline and denunciation. Burning Germany : cities on fire, fire fighting and fire insurance in early modern Germany / Cornel Zwierlein -- Orthodox demonology and the perception of witchcraft in early modern Ukraine / Kateryna Dysa -- Punishment in sixteenth-century Hungarian towns / Blanka Szeghyová -- Word and print, education and literacy. Reading aloud : between oral and literate communication / Zoran Velagić -- A virgin deserving paradise or a whore deserving poison : manuscript tradition and printed books in Ottoman Turkish society / Orlin Sabev (Orhan Salih) -- Education and denominations in Transdanubia (1910) / Victor Karady -- Register of geographic names
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 exerted a deep influence on the international communist movement and greatly affected the political and economic outlook in Hungary. A less well-known legacy of the uprising is what may be called the refugee experience, a momentous chapter in the history of human migration and resettlement. An examination of this experience reveals that the appearance of the Hungarian refugees in Western Europe and the New World greatly changed the development of Hungarian ethnic communities already in existence there, and that the refugees' presence in the West continues to have lasting influence on relations between Hungary and the West.In the past, Hungary has been both a source of refugees and a refuge for them. Many times in her history has she offered refuge to persecuted minorities and fugitives driven out of their own countries by war or other calamities. She has also sent her own refugees to the four corners of the world, after such events as the Rákóczi Uprising of the early eighteenth century, the War of Independece of 1848-49, the revolutions of 1918-19, and the Second World War.
This essay investigates the unknown episode of the fiscal-financial history of Bohemia during the reign of Joseph I (1705–1711) and considers its disintegrative consequences. These events played out against the background of the – well-known – role of the Jewish "court factors" of Leopold I. At the height of War of the Spanish Succession, the emperor found himself threatened by the French and by the Rákóczi-led Hungarian War of Independence in the east. With empty state coffers, Joseph in 1706/07 turned to the Bohemian diet and proposed to negotiate a loan of 1,333,333 gulden with a consortium of Jewish bankers from Würzburg and Frankfurt am Main, which was to be underwritten by future tax revenues. In exchange the Bohemian diet conferred upon the financiers the right to collect the outstanding sums. This de facto 'outsourcing' of royal prerogatives to a third (foreign) party led to a series of entanglements and disputes, which are investigated from the perspectice of the Eggenberg domains in Southern Bohemia. Reconstructing the interrelated consequences that tied together Prague, Würzburg, and Český Krumlov, this episode offers insights into into the little-known realities of the fiscal-financial activities of the Bohemian diet around 1700.
The Upper-Hungarian free royal cities, as the strong Protestantism centres, resisted the efforts of the Catholic church to take hold in their territory for a long time, and they didn't tolerate any different church than the Evanjelical in their territory. Five royal cities (Prešov, Bardejov, Sabinov, Levoča a Kežmarok) were affected by re-catholicization after 1670. The first re-catholicization interventions relating especially the confiscation of evanjelical temples were broken by the Kurutz uprising in summer and autumn 1672. After their pushing up, the Monarch and his offices could start the massive re-catholicization. During this "tragic decade" of Hungarian Protestantism, evanjelical temples, schools and the whole property were confiscated, clergymen were expelled and evanjelical townsmen were excluded from self-goverment and political life. The next stage of re-catholicization of the Upper-Hungarian free royal cities followed the defeat of Imrich Thököly uprising (1686). The last breakdown of the re-catholicization process was caused by the František II. Rákóczi uprising and the religious freedom was installed. After its defeat, the Protestants had to leave into suburbs of the towns up to the period of the Patent of Tolerance issue in 1781.
Résumé Les vignobles de Tokaj (Hongrie) et de Sauternes (Bordelais), s'ils se situent sur des terroirs très différents, laissent apparaître dans le mode de mise en valeur et dans leur histoire un certain nombre de similitudes qui conduisent à s'interroger sur les mécanismes de diffusion et d'échanges ainsi que sur les techniques de vinification. Les cours d'eau sont des axes qui, tout en favorisant le développement de la pourriture noble, permettent de commercialiser le vin. Dans les deux régions, la noblesse, composée de magnats en Hongrie, d'anoblis venus du négoce (les Lur Saluces mis à part) en Sauternais, a contribué très largement au développement de la viticulture avec des innovations plus précoces dans le Tokaj. Fruit de l'offre et de la demande, le vin est destiné à l'exportation, le tokaj étant très apprécié en Europe centrale et orientale, le sauternes connaissant une grande vogue en Angleterre, en Hollande et dans toute l'Europe du Nord. Dans les deux pays, France et Hongrie, ce sont les cours européennes qui ont construit la renommée de ces grands crus, certains princes comme Ferenc Rákóczi, et certains nobles français comme les Lur Saluces contribuant par leurs réseaux de relations à faire connaître et apprécier leurs meilleurs crus.
The author presents the scholarly achievements of a Hungarian literary historian Lajos Hopp (1927–1996) related to the Polish-Hungarian relations. It is a commentary to the fragment (conclusions) of Hopp's unedited work published in the present issue of Barok, entitled "Changes of Polish-Hungarian ideas and traditions in the first half of the 17th century". The study is kept in the Illyés Gyula Archives and Workshop of the Institute of Literary Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest. It is an expanded and revised version of a dissertation entitled "Changes of Polish-Hungarian ideas and traditions in Baroque court literature" submitted by Hopp in 1987 to be awarded doctorate by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The presented fragment exemplifies the whole of Hopp research into the Polish-Hungarian relations in which he emphasised the endurance and changes of traditions of: "everlasting friendship", "friendly relations" and the idea of bulwark in both the cultures from the late Middle Ages to the 18th century. Some of the thoughts were presented in Hopp's monographs published in print. The discussed text refers to the period from the end of the 16th century (from Stephen Báthory's death in 1586) to 1648 (the death of Wladyslaw IV Vasa, George [György] I Rákóczi). As he says, at that time the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Transylvania drifted apart politically due to, in his opinion, increasing religious differences and successes of the counterreformation in the Commonwealth, as well as political alliances of Sigismund III Vasa. The change came during the reign of Wladyslaw IV Vasa, when George I Rákóczi devised plans to acquire the Polish crown. The author debate the significance of Hopp's research. His statements about social conditioning of the sphere of idea (its "social basis") and Marxising interpretations, although moderated with time, seem to be outdated now. In his reasoning, Hopp departed from the approach characteristic of literary historians (research on topoi, metaphors, rhetoric), and got closer to interdisciplinary understood history of ideas (history of concepts) and "classic" political history. This found its expression in his source base, too, which included also texts related to a political practice. It was valuable that he included the history of ideas into his research on political relations. A reconstruction of Hopp's methods causes difficulties – his language was complicated and he did not formulate his methodological assumptions or concepts used (for instance, a "historico-cultural form of consciousness" or "consciousness of community", etc.). A reception of his research outside Hungary was hampered by lack of translations. In the author's opinion, what is worth to emphasise in Hopp's achievements related to Polish-Hungarian themes is the subject of his research – comparative studies in the history of political ideas and concepts in Central Eastern Europe. In recent years similar postulates were formulated by Hungarian scholars due to a reception of current trends in Western historiography. Some signs of interest in the language of politics and history of concepts are to be seen also in Poland. It seems sound, therefore, to refer in this context to Lajos Hopp's research that could prompt us to reflect on possibilities and methodological form of its continuation. ; Szymon Brzeziński
Introduction : monarchical exile / Philip Mansel and Torsten Riotte / A queen mother in exile : Marie de Médicis in the Spanish Netherlands and England, 1631-41 / Toby Osborne -- Gender, exile and The Hague courts of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia and Mary, Princess of Orange in the 1650s / Ann Hughes and Julie Sanders -- A life in exile : Charles VI (1685-1740) between Spain and Austria / William O'Reilly -- Emigrated or exiled? : Francis Rákóczi II and his exile in France and Turkey / Ferenc Tóth -- 'The Shadow of a King?' : aspects of the exile of King Charles II / Anna Keay -- Exile or homecoming? : Henrietta Maria in France, 1644-1669 / Karen Britland -- Monarchy and exile : the political activities of an exiled royal court and the role played by its Irish courtiers / John Cronin -- The extended exile of James III / Edward Corp -- From exile to the throne : the Europeanisation of Louis XVIII / Philip Mansel -- Napoleon on Elba : an exile of consent / Peter Hicks -- The politics of waiting : the imperial couple Napoleon III and Eugénie / Heidi Mehrkens -- The Bourbons of Naples in exile / Guy Stair Sainty -- 'To my loyal Saxons!' : King Johann in exile, 1866 / James Retallack -- Hanoverian exile and Prussian governance : King George V of Hanover and his successor in Austria, 1866-1913 / Torsten Riotte -- The unicorn in winter : Kaiser Wilhelm II in exile in the Netherlands, 1918-1941 / John C.G. Röhl
Cover -- Half Title -- About the Book and Author -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Tables, Maps, and Figures -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- PART 1 ANTECEDENTS -- 1. The Three Villages in the Valley -- 2. The Land Reform of 1945 -- PART 2 AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVIZATION -- 3. Agrarian Policies in the 1950s -- 4. The First Phase of Collectivization -- 5. The Second Phase of Collectivization -- 6. The Three Collectives of Pécsely -- 7. The First Merger -- 8. Internal Organization in the New Rákoczi Collective -- 9. The Jókai Collective -- 10. The Collectives' Dependence and Independence -- 11. Relationship of Members to the Collective -- PART 3 BEYOND THE COLLECTIVE -- 12. Plot Farming: The 'Second Economy' -- 13. The Small Giant: Form and Function of Plot Farming -- 14. The integration of the Plots and the Collective -- 15. Household Economy and Small Farming -- 16. Plot Farming and Development of Income Differentials -- 17. Networks of Reciprocity -- 18. The 'Elite' of the Széphegy -- 19. The Invisible Population -- 20. Popular and Official Evaluation of Plot Farming -- 21. Non-Agricultural Labour -- PART 4 THE COLLECTIVE AND THE COMMUNITY -- 22. Under One Roof? -- 23. Community, Society: Institutions -- 24. Community, Society: Competing Paradigms -- 25. The Traditional Paradigm -- 26. The Socialist Paradigm -- 27. The Western Urban Paradigm -- 28. Social Differentiation -- 29. Community, Society: Voluntary Associations -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index -- Untitled.
Zugriffsoptionen:
Die folgenden Links führen aus den jeweiligen lokalen Bibliotheken zum Volltext:
At the beginning of the 18th century, Hungary and the Southern Netherlands are coveted by the French diplomacy. Those peripheral provinces of The Habsburg Empire oppose the centralization policy lead by Madrid and Vienna. In order to realize his dynastic ambitions, Louis XIV uses this context to destabilize these territories during the War of the Spanish Succession triggered by the death of the last Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II, the first November 1700. Louis XIV mobilizes his army and his ambassadors in the continuity of the foreign alliances « Alliance de revers » that have been conducted during centuries. The marquis des Alleurs and the president Pierre Rouillé de Marbeuf, agents of Louis XIV, half spy, half ambassadors, are respectively send in Hungary nearby the rebel prince François Rakoczi and in the Southern Netherlands nearby the general governor of the province and Elector of Bavaria, Maximilien-Emmanuel de Wittelsbach. Far from the din of the battlefield of the Spanish Succession, another war hardens. The battle for information's became the first preoccupation of European courts. The confidentiality of the epistolary correspondences is a crucial object of attention. The purpose of this study is to define the framework of the French ambitions in Hungary and the Southern Netherlands at the beginning of the 18th century. The « alliance de revers » and military moves during the War of the Spanish Succession replace those two European countries at the heart of dynastic, diplomatic and military conflicts opposing the Bourbon's and the Habsburg's for European hegemony. ; Au début du XVIIIe siècle, la Hongrie et les Pays-Bas méridionaux sont l'objet de la convoitise de la diplomatie française. Ces provinces périphériques de l'Empire habsbourgeois s'opposent aux politiques de centralisation menées par Madrid et Vienne. Afin de réaliser ses ambitions dynastiques, Louis XIV utilise ce contexte pour déstabiliser ces territoires dans le cadre d'une guerre de Succession d'Espagne engendrée par le décès de ...
At the beginning of the 18th century, Hungary and the Southern Netherlands are coveted by the French diplomacy. Those peripheral provinces of The Habsburg Empire oppose the centralization policy lead by Madrid and Vienna. In order to realize his dynastic ambitions, Louis XIV uses this context to destabilize these territories during the War of the Spanish Succession triggered by the death of the last Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II, the first November 1700. Louis XIV mobilizes his army and his ambassadors in the continuity of the foreign alliances « Alliance de revers » that have been conducted during centuries. The marquis des Alleurs and the president Pierre Rouillé de Marbeuf, agents of Louis XIV, half spy, half ambassadors, are respectively send in Hungary nearby the rebel prince François Rakoczi and in the Southern Netherlands nearby the general governor of the province and Elector of Bavaria, Maximilien-Emmanuel de Wittelsbach. Far from the din of the battlefield of the Spanish Succession, another war hardens. The battle for information's became the first preoccupation of European courts. The confidentiality of the epistolary correspondences is a crucial object of attention. The purpose of this study is to define the framework of the French ambitions in Hungary and the Southern Netherlands at the beginning of the 18th century. The « alliance de revers » and military moves during the War of the Spanish Succession replace those two European countries at the heart of dynastic, diplomatic and military conflicts opposing the Bourbon's and the Habsburg's for European hegemony. ; Au début du XVIIIe siècle, la Hongrie et les Pays-Bas méridionaux sont l'objet de la convoitise de la diplomatie française. Ces provinces périphériques de l'Empire habsbourgeois s'opposent aux politiques de centralisation menées par Madrid et Vienne. Afin de réaliser ses ambitions dynastiques, Louis XIV utilise ce contexte pour déstabiliser ces territoires dans le cadre d'une guerre de Succession d'Espagne engendrée par le décès de ...
The paper covers the hitherto unknown aspects of the life and political activity of the representative of the aristocracy of North-Eastern Hungary, prominent military and statesman – count Janos Drugeth, the founder of the Jesuit gymnasium in Uzhhorod. Without a thorough study of the history of the Drugeth family with Italian roots, Zemplén and Ung counties' history is also incomplete – yet historical science still lacks a comprehensive monograph that would present members of this family with scientific thoroughness. During the XIV – XVII centuries, the Homonnai Drugeth family determined the national and regional politics. Among its members, we find robber knights and counterfeiters as well as merciful church builders. Although they were removed from the royal court in the XV century, they managed to preserve and even increase their estates. After their estates remained on the border between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania after 1541 (when the Hungarian country was divided into three parts), the political role of the Drugeths became more important again. As royal politicians, with the support of the Habsburgs, the Drugeths repeatedly acted as claimants to the throne in the struggle for the title of the prince of Transylvania. That is partly the reason for the "negative" perception of the Drugeths in Hungarian history, which viewed the Principality of Transylvania (and its rulers – István Bocskai, Gábor Bethlen, and György I. Rákóczi) as champions of Hungarian independence and religious freedom. That is why the Hungarian lords' characters on the other side of the struggle, including the protagonist of the present paper – János Homonnai Drugeth, were usually portrayed in "dark colors." His career and upbringing connected him to the royal court (King Ferdinand II) and the Catholic Church (the Jesuits). He probably supported the Catholic renewal (counter-Reformation) out of personal attachment and conviction. The person from the Transylvanian chronicles, which entered the historical canon, was recorded as a prototype of the «sin of the papacy.» That is probably why only one engraving of him remained intact. However, he ran an exceptional career (he became the high ispán of two counties, became a state judge and chief captain of Upper Hungary), he received the title of count, which was subsequently inherited in his family. The settlement of the Jesuit gymnasium in Uzhhorod is connected to his name. Unfortunately, his most lasting work could only be completed after his death - on April 24, 1646, in the church of his family castle, the unity of the Greek Eastern followers of the area, and the Roman Catholic Church – i.e., the union in Uzhhorod - was proclaimed. One of the crucial tasks of the present paper is to compile the career of János Homonnai Drugeth, its most essential stages, his political and public role based on the available sources, and to attempt to rehabilitate his person. ; У статті висвітлюються невідомі аспекти життя і політичної діяльності представника аристократії Північно-Східної Угорщини, відомого військового і державного діяча – графа Яноша Другета. Без ретельного вивчення історії родини Другетів історія земель Земплінського та Ужанського комітатів не є повною, але на сьогодні все ж в український історичній науці бракує монографії, яка б дала повний науковий аналіз діяльності членів цієї родини. За підтримки Габсбургів (королів Угорщини) Другети неодноразово виступали в якості претендентів на княжий престол Трансільванії. Почасти це є і причиною «негативного» сприйняття Другетів в угорській історіографії, яка розглядала Трансільванію (та її правителів – Іштвана Бочкаї, Габора Бетлента і Дьєрдя І Ракоці) як поборників угорської незалежності і релігійної свободи. Це також причина того, що персонажі угорської аристократії по інший бік «барикад», включаючи головного героя статті – Яноша Другета, зазвичай зображувалися у «похмурих тонах». Не дивлячись на це, Янош Другет «побудував» виняткову кар'єру: став наджупаном (феішпаном) двох комітатів, займав пост головного королівського судді, головнокомандувача королівських військ, отримав графський титул, який згодом передав у спадок своїй родині, та переселив єзуїтську гімназію в м. Ужгород. На жаль, його найвидатніша справа була завершена лише після його смерті – 24 квітня 1646 р., коли у церкві родинного замку була проголошена Ужгородська унія. Метою статті є спроба реабілітації доброго імені Яноша Другета. Основне завдання цієї статті – на підставі доступних джерел дати всебічний аналіз кар'єрного зростання Яноша Другета, простежити його політичну та суспільну роль.
The paper covers the hitherto unknown aspects of the life and political activity of the representative of the aristocracy of North-Eastern Hungary, prominent military and statesman – count Janos Drugeth, the founder of the Jesuit gymnasium in Uzhhorod. Without a thorough study of the history of the Drugeth family with Italian roots, Zemplén and Ung counties' history is also incomplete – yet historical science still lacks a comprehensive monograph that would present members of this family with scientific thoroughness. During the XIV – XVII centuries, the Homonnai Drugeth family determined the national and regional politics. Among its members, we find robber knights and counterfeiters as well as merciful church builders. Although they were removed from the royal court in the XV century, they managed to preserve and even increase their estates. After their estates remained on the border between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania after 1541 (when the Hungarian country was divided into three parts), the political role of the Drugeths became more important again. As royal politicians, with the support of the Habsburgs, the Drugeths repeatedly acted as claimants to the throne in the struggle for the title of the prince of Transylvania. That is partly the reason for the "negative" perception of the Drugeths in Hungarian history, which viewed the Principality of Transylvania (and its rulers – István Bocskai, Gábor Bethlen, and György I. Rákóczi) as champions of Hungarian independence and religious freedom. That is why the Hungarian lords' characters on the other side of the struggle, including the protagonist of the present paper – János Homonnai Drugeth, were usually portrayed in "dark colors." His career and upbringing connected him to the royal court (King Ferdinand II) and the Catholic Church (the Jesuits). He probably supported the Catholic renewal (counter-Reformation) out of personal attachment and conviction. The person from the Transylvanian chronicles, which entered the historical canon, was recorded as a prototype of the «sin of the papacy.» That is probably why only one engraving of him remained intact. However, he ran an exceptional career (he became the high ispán of two counties, became a state judge and chief captain of Upper Hungary), he received the title of count, which was subsequently inherited in his family. The settlement of the Jesuit gymnasium in Uzhhorod is connected to his name. Unfortunately, his most lasting work could only be completed after his death - on April 24, 1646, in the church of his family castle, the unity of the Greek Eastern followers of the area, and the Roman Catholic Church – i.e., the union in Uzhhorod - was proclaimed. One of the crucial tasks of the present paper is to compile the career of János Homonnai Drugeth, its most essential stages, his political and public role based on the available sources, and to attempt to rehabilitate his person. ; У статті висвітлюються невідомі аспекти життя і політичної діяльності представника аристократії Північно-Східної Угорщини, відомого військового і державного діяча – графа Яноша Другета. Без ретельного вивчення історії родини Другетів історія земель Земплінського та Ужанського комітатів не є повною, але на сьогодні все ж в український історичній науці бракує монографії, яка б дала повний науковий аналіз діяльності членів цієї родини. За підтримки Габсбургів (королів Угорщини) Другети неодноразово виступали в якості претендентів на княжий престол Трансільванії. Почасти це є і причиною «негативного» сприйняття Другетів в угорській історіографії, яка розглядала Трансільванію (та її правителів – Іштвана Бочкаї, Габора Бетлента і Дьєрдя І Ракоці) як поборників угорської незалежності і релігійної свободи. Це також причина того, що персонажі угорської аристократії по інший бік «барикад», включаючи головного героя статті – Яноша Другета, зазвичай зображувалися у «похмурих тонах». Не дивлячись на це, Янош Другет «побудував» виняткову кар'єру: став наджупаном (феішпаном) двох комітатів, займав пост головного королівського судді, головнокомандувача королівських військ, отримав графський титул, який згодом передав у спадок своїй родині, та переселив єзуїтську гімназію в м. Ужгород. На жаль, його найвидатніша справа була завершена лише після його смерті – 24 квітня 1646 р., коли у церкві родинного замку була проголошена Ужгородська унія. Метою статті є спроба реабілітації доброго імені Яноша Другета. Основне завдання цієї статті – на підставі доступних джерел дати всебічний аналіз кар'єрного зростання Яноша Другета, простежити його політичну та суспільну роль.
Watching over neighboring provinces in the Ottoman empire: the case of tributary princes from the north of the Danube in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries / Viorel Panaite -- The role of Moldavia and Wallachia in Transylvania's contacts to the Sublime Porte / Klára Jakó -- News in Wallachia and Moldavia during the Ottoman Hegemony: fifteenth and sixteenth centuries / Ovidiu Cristea -- Calling for justice and protection: sixteenth-century Wallachian and Moldavian tributaries as petitioners to the Imperial Stirrup / Radu G. Păun -- Daghestan during the long Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1639): the Shamkhals' relations with Ottoman pashas / Dariusz Kołodziejczyk -- The Principality of Transylvania and the Ottoman province of Eger, 1596-1660 / Balázs Sudár -- Trade, diplomacy, and corruption in seventeenth-century Ottoman Bosnia: the Ragusan experience of a complex relationship / Erica Mezzoli -- The curious case of Caterina Cercheza: marriage, cross-border patronage, and Ottoman-Moldavian politics in the mid-seventeenth century / Michał Wasiucionek -- Prince György Rákóczi I of Transylvania and the elite of Ottoman Hungary, 1630-1636 / János B. Szabó -- Ottoman protection of Cossack Ukraine under Hetman Petro Doroshenko: between legal aspects and actual practice / Tetiana Grygorieva -- King Thököly in chains: the fall of the Ottoman tributary state of upper Hungary / Gábor Kármán -- Designers or obedient executors of the Ottoman northeastern policy? the governors of the Caffa and Trabzon provinces at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries / Natalia Królikowska-Jedlińska -- Dealing with Ottoman outlaws from land and sea: case studies of Dubrovnik (1746-1748) / Ruža Radoš Ćurić.
The Teutonic Knights' Last Attempt at Returning to Hungary (1702–1731)Subsequent to the expulsion of the Turks the Teutonic Knights made a last attempt (1702–1731) at returning to Hungary after its abortive attempts in medieval times (1211–1228 and 1429–1432). Emperor Leopold I sold the Jazygian and the two Cumanian districts to the Order of Knights, who had participated in the anti-Turkish war form 1664 onwards. The Jazygian and Cumanian districts enjoyed privileges from medieval times on; being directly subordinate to the crown, the inhabitants had never been burdened by dues to the landed overlords. The population in the districts and the Hungarian estates at large promptly protested against the sale, but the Teutonic Order was unable to come into possession of the districts, for an anti-Habsburg uprising of the Hungarian noble estates broke out in 1703 led by the aristocrat Ferenc Rákóczi 2nd while the Imperial military were engaged in a war against France in the West. But the peace treaty putting an end to the uprising in 1711 did not confirm the position of the Knights, for the Emperor restored the Hungarian estates into their privileges and the Act of 1715 ruled that the transaction of 1702 had been unlawful and the districts should regain their liberties on condition that the estates pay back the purchase price the Knights had paid. This, however, did not materialize owing to the renewed warfare againsts the Turks. With regard to a possible compensation, the Teutonic Order did not implement any settlement or any economic investment in the Jazyigian or Cumanian districts, nor did it draw any profit from them. In 1731, the Grand Master sold the title to the Jazygian and Cumenian districts to the House of Invalids in Pest and the Teutonic Order left Hungary for good.
