Suchergebnisse

Budget revenue in the Soviet Union.
The article analyses the principal items of budget revenue in the Soviet Union : turnover tax, the state's share in profits, personal taxation, etc. Attention is drawn to the very large and growing item of "other revenue ». Its composition was for many years concealed, but it is now admitted that it consisted in the main of revenues from foreign trade and advances from the banking system, i.e. of what was a secret deficit. This deficit (expected to be 100 milliards roubles in 1989) has been a major contributor to severe inflationary pressures and imbalances. Steps being taken to reduce it include a new income-tax law (details of which were announced too late for inclusion in the text).

National audience ; Faire des études contribue-t-il au bien-être des individus ? En croisant plusieurs sources de données françaises, nous mettons en évidence une relation claire entre niveau de diplôme et bien-être, que ce dernier s'exprime par la satisfaction de vie ou la confiance envers les autres.L'augmentation de la satisfaction de vie avec le niveau du diplôme transite largement par un effet de revenu : un diplôme plus élevé permet de mieux gagner sa vie, ce qui augmente la satisfaction de vie.Par contraste, le fait que les plus diplômés soient plus enclins à faire confiance aux autres ou à avoir confiance en l'avenir ne semble pas lié à leurs revenus : à revenus égaux, les plus diplômés sont plus confiants et optimistes que les moins diplômés.

This paper addresses the efficient management of natural resource revenues in capitalscarce developing economies. We depart from usual prescriptions based on the permanent income hypothesis and argue that capital-scarce countries should prioritise domestic investment. Since revenue streams are highly volatile governments should protect consumption from shocks by increasing it only cautiously. Volatility in domestic investment can be moderated by a buffer of international liquidity, but it is also important to structure investment processes to be able to cope efficiently with substantial fluctuations. To date, most of the resource-rich countries of Africa have not had investment rates commensurate with their rate of resource extraction.

It is often feared that tax competition might lead to a "race to the bottom". The consequence of a decline of tax rates on capital income would be shrinking capital income tax revenues and difficulties for national governments to perform their usual tasks. The paper analyzes what happened to tax revenues in a lot of OECD countries. It turns out that taxes on capital income contribute to the financing of public expenditures in a more or less unchanged extent; in addition, there are no significant changes of the level and the structure of total tax revenues.