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We investigate whether women and men differ with respect to the steps they take in the entrepreneurial process, distinguishing between five successive steps described by the following positions: (1) "never thought about it"; (2) "thinking about starting up a business"; (3) "taking steps to start a business"; (4) "running a business for less than three years"; (5) "running a business for more than three years". This paper provides insights into the manner in which women and men climb the entrepreneurial ladder and the factors that influence their position on the ladder. We use data from the 2006 "Flash Eurobarometer survey on Entrepreneurship" consisting of more than 10,000 observations for 25 member states of the European Union, Norway, Iceland and the United States. Findings suggest that for men it is easier to climb the ladder and that this may be attributed partly to their higher tolerance of risk.

<em>Motivation is the basic drive for all of our actions. Motivation refers to the dynamics of our behavior, which involves our needs, desires, and ambitions in life. The role of gender in shaping motivation has a long history in psychological and educational research. This paper investigates the relationship between role of gender and motivational aspects of employees behaviour. The study comprised of analysing six motives (Achievement, Influence, Extension, Control, Affiliation and Dependency) by administering MAO-B questionnaire to respondents. Sample comprised of 102 respondents from Banking sector. The study shows that most significant motive influencing the managerial behaviour for both the gender is Extension followed by Achievement motive.</em>

Purpose
This paper aims to improve knowledge of individual heterogeneity in affecting the entrepreneurial attitude, taking socioeconomic drivers under control thanks to a cross-country analysis. The authors operate a "selection" of proxy for individual heterogeneity, mainly based on gender, demographical features, personal attitude and intrinsic motivation.


Design/methodology/approach
This exploration is supported by an empirical analysis based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), for the period 2001-2012, and for a selection of 37 countries. It is expected that gender and further individual variables have an impact on the probability to become a nascent entrepreneur (e.g. age, level of education, self-confidence, social perception of self-employment as career choice). This paper evaluates the degree of consistency of these variables across very dissimilar countries.


Findings
Gender and confidence on own skill play a significant and consistent effect on the entrepreneurial attitude, so these personal features are, per se, the driving-strength of entrepreneurial intent. Conversely, fear of failure and belief on the status are not always statistically significant, or not homogenous in their relationship: socioeconomic or country-specific characteristics are strong and sort out in an unpredictable relationship between these variables and the willingness to run new ventures.


Research limitations/implications
A limited selection of individual features constrained by availability of information from the GEM data set.


Practical implications
The motivation of this paper is to focus-back attention on intra-individual features that may affect entrepreneurship and to support evidence of whether individual heterogeneity is able to affect the entrepreneurial attitude, taking socioeconomic drivers under control.


Social implications
An institutional and political commitment should be intensified to reduce the waste of opportunities that is associated with any forms of self-exclusion from entrepreneurship, such as those based on gender (being women) or (low) self-esteem.


Originality/value
Due to the "individual" perspective, this paper adds to previous studies that exploited the GEM data set because they mostly follow an institutional conceptual framework.

Gender has always been a favourite topic of researchers to dig down. Considerable research works have focused the role of gender in the domain of consumer behaviour, but there is much more to explore in the area of experiential marketing as it is relatively a new concept in this field. The article discusses an examination of the differences in the ways men and women perceive sense, feel, think, act and relate experiences while using social networking sites (SNS), such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Purpose of the study is to examine the gender differences within the context of five experiences of experiential marketing. Through convenience sampling, 250 set of questionnaires were distributed to the university students, out of which 226 were found usable. T-test was applied for the analysis of data using SPSS software version 21. Shopping habits of women are considered to be highly influenced by social media. But results of the study indicate that men relate the experience provided by the sites with them more than the women do. Marketers can use the findings in tailoring their sites to enhance the customer experience.

Abstract Gender issues are essentially demanding the equality of male and female roles. Gender Ais the inherent nature of women and men in social and cultural construction. As long as justice exists, Gender problems are not a problem. Women are often considered weak who can not do anything and men are considered strong and can do anything. Gender is often interpreted as gender, but there are fundamental differences between them. Therefore , gender differences become good for both men and women as complementary, to know each other and to give each other compassion and a sense of security in their souls. . In the view of society that women are a delicate and gentle and emotional and shy creature, whereas men are depicted with a strong, harsh, loud and assertive figure, enterprising, rational and courageous. In general Islam does not deny the similarities between men and women in terms of obtaining equal rights . Islam gives the teaching of the Ummah to give the highest respect and position for a woman . This paper discusses how Islam gives a position on the rights of equality to women, both in the role of social society and in the political scene. And it has been demonstrated by the Prophet in societal life. Surely without sacrificing his main task as a child educator even in the same time he can pursue his career outdoors . The woman getskan a special position compared to men, the position is, among others: Sama with a man's position, the position of the woman as the mother is higher than the male degree; Got part in the inheritance; The women of Santris had the priority of heaven from any door; Protecting the honors of women; Then for the parents who have daughters and their prodiation with affection and gentleness. The role of women in the social world of society takes many major roles. Women have the role of the most important existence in the future life of the nation's generation. Women who have a religious education will be able to distinguish and can discern which is good in Islam and which is not good in Islam. The existence of women in the midst of the family can give rise to the responsibility of a man in defending and maintaining and caring for the environment of the family from the influence or interference of outside parties. The role of women in male success also becomes evident that the various roles of women cannot be underestimated Keywords: Gender equality in Islamic view, position and role.

Whether female legislators vote differently than male legislators due to ideological tendencies is considered, & differences between women & men on women's issues are examined, based on analysis of the voting records of the California State Assembly in 1983/84. Two measures of voting behavior are used: an ADA rating as a measure of ideology; & floor votes selected by the California National Organization for Women's legislative office for a voting record on women's issues. Results show that, contrary to behavior at the Congressional level, women were not more likely to have a liberal orientation in voting behavior. However, the influence of gender plays a small role in that women of either ideological orientation tend to support women's issues. 2 Appendixes, 20 References. A. Cole

In "Deploying Feminism", Stéfanie von Hlatky tells the story of how the military has been delegated authority to advance gender equality as part of their activities, while simultaneously tackling increasingly complex threats. Drawing upon fieldwork and interviews, von Hlatky argues that there is a distortion of women, peace and security norms, as gender equality concerns fade into the background.

Since the maxim of Germany as a non-immigration country was finally relinquished at the end of the 20 th century, the country has struggled with redefining itself as an immigration society and inventing a modified national identity. Our article argues that gender has come to play a pivotal role in this process of redefining a `German' identity because it helps secure the `self' by creating the Muslim/migrant `other' as culturally different. Under the pretext of preventing women's rights violations, a renewed debate on integration and the duties of migrants is taking place. While we criticize the deployment of gender against the civic recognition of Muslims, violations of women's rights within minority groups do exist and must be combated. Our article offers some preliminary considerations as to how public agencies can intervene effectively against practices that are harmful to women, without in the process demonizing minority groups.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a large community wide survey on occupational stress.Design/methodology/approachData were collected via a questionnaire, using a random sample of the general population in the north east region of England, UK. A total of 2,500 people completed questionnaires, which represented all socio‐economic groups.FindingsThe results of the bivariate analysis revealed significant differences in terms of physical and psychological wellbeing amongst the male and female sample. Multiple regression analysis provided evidence that the issue of job satisfaction is critical and different amongst both males and females and social class.Originality/valueThis research investigated the combined effects of both gender differences at work and social class in one given study, using one instrument, in one community setting. Recommendations for future research at the theoretical and practical level are given.

Young people explain, excuse and justify violence in a range of situations and view violence prevention as a difficult, if not impossible, endeavour. But how do young people form these views, and how can this knowledge be used by schools to reduce youth violence? This book explores these questions in a study with British teenagers.