Suchergebnisse

Deforestation is the process where wood is cutting through different techniques and methods from the surface of the earth for the purpose of livelihood while such type activities disturb the ecosystem of the world and make the environment unfavorable. Seeing to its importance the present study was carried out in Pakistan since September 2017. The major objective was that to critically review the past literature about deforestation and reach to conclusion what is the positive and negative effects of this phenomena in Pakistan. Purposively total 17 studies were selected and reviewed 20 times in depth and analyzed the situation. The review shows that deforestation disturb the ecosystem in Pakistan and make environment unfavorable and raised different type diseases in the community and affect the climate in different angle. Through deforestation problem of soil erosion occur which speed up the flood in the area and destroy crops and building and increase poverty in the long run while latter on taking changes in cropping pattern. However deforestation speed up the melting point of glacier in the mountain and disturb the natural habitat not only in Pakistan but also in the whole world and also affect biodiversity in the country The review further explain that the major reason of deforestation is poverty because rural people cut the wood for their survival of life while miss management of forest department is also considered the main reason of deforestation. They cut the wood for their own purpose and miss utilized the means of the government. On the basis of finding following recommendation were suggested for further improvement of the forest. Reforestation program should be arranged every year in the country for multiplication of trees Honest and mature staff should be selected in forest department Awareness program about ill effect of deforestation should be launched in the rural community of Pakistan Forest institution should be multiplied in Pakistan for the purpose of research for uplifting forest in the country ...

What is Economics? -- Explaining the Behaviour of Individuals: Theory of Consumer Choice -- Demand and Supply: the Price Mechanism in a Market Economy -- Markets and Competition -- Production Economics: Theory of the Firm -- Factors of Production and their Rewards: Theory of Distribution -- Market Failure: Some Problems of Using the Market to Allocate Resources -- Macroeconomics: the Workings of the Whole Economy -- International Trade -- Government Policy for Agriculture and Rural Areas.

This article was prepared by Dr A. W. Smith and Rhonda Smith. It is a substantially revised version of a section of a paper presented to the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural Economics Society held in Brisbane in February 1977. The authors are grateful to Alistair Watson, Roy Powell and Louise Barton for comments on earlier drafts

Content of the concept of the rural sector as a socio-territorial subsystem of society is revealed. The key features of the subsystem are habitation of people in rural areas and their relationship with production and processing of agricultural products. It is proved that opportunities of rural residents and persons engaged in agriculture are limited in comparison with other citizens in terms of meeting their vital needs. Evolution of the term "inclusive development" in the context of its relationship to "inclusive growth" and "inclusive welfare" is considered. From the standpoint of inclusiveness, the socioeconomic situation in Ukraine's agriculture in the Soviet period, in the years of active market transformations and at the present stage is characterized. It is shown that the extractive development of agriculture and rural areas gained an advantage at all stages, despite the declaration by political forces of the intentions to protect the interests of rural residents and producers of agricultural products, as well as the recommendations of scientists on realization of these interests. The extractive development was accompanied by resource-exhausting nature of management and restriction of real access of peasants to productive resources and distribution of benefits from their use. The necessity of transition to inclusive development in domestic rural sector is substantiated and conditions for this transition are revealed. Important factors in this should be: (i) Ukraine's implementation of measures to ensure the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals proclaimed at the UN summit in 2015, and (ii) support and implementation of the ideas of the Declaration of the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas, draft of which is being discussed at the United Nations Human Rights Council.

Obgleich die Vergabe von Agrarkrediten ein wirksames Instrument der Agrarentwicklungspolitik sein kann, hat die Einrichtung spezieller Agrarkreditinstitutionen in den meisten Entwicklungsländern nicht zum gewünschten Erfolg geführt. Die Ursachen für diese Ineffizienz werden am Beispiel der drei wichtigsten Agrarkreditinstitutionen in Jordanien diskutiert: Dichotomie zwischen dem Zwang zu wirtschaftlicher Überlebensfähigkeit der Kreditinstitutionen und dem Ziel, die sozio-ökonomische Entfaltung gerade der armen ländlichen Bevölkerung voranzutreiben; organisatorische Mängel der Kreditvergabe; Fehlen unterstützender Maßnahmen in anderen Bereichen der Agrarentwicklungspolitik. (DÜI-Hns)

ABSTRACTEquity is complementary to the pursuit of long-term prosperity. Greater equity is doubly good for poverty reduction. It tends to favour sustained overall development, and it delivers increased opportunities to the poorest groups in a society. (François Bourguignon, speech at the launching of the World Development Report, 2006)This paper studies the Rwandan case to address some of the challenges and pitfalls in defining pro-poor strategies. The paper first looks at the danger of a purely growth-led development focus (as in Rwanda's first PRSP), and evaluates the extent to which the agricultural sector has been a pro-poor growth engine. It then studies Rwanda's current rural policies, which aim to modernise and 'professionalise' the rural sector. There is a high risk that these rural policy measures will be at the expense of the large mass of small-scale peasants. This paper stresses that the real challenge to transform the rural sector into a true pro-poor growth engine will be to value and incorporate the capacity and potential of small-scale 'non-professional' peasants into the core strategies for rural development. The lessons drawn from the Rwandan case should inspire policy makers and international donors worldwide to shift their focus away from a purely output-led logic towards distribution-oriented rural development policies. In other words, the challenge is to reconcile efficiency in creating economic growth with equity, and perhaps, to put equity first.