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Kaunas S. Darius and S. Girėnas airfield was the first Lithuanian aviation place and one of the oldest airfields in Europe. Lithuanian aviation development started in 1915 when Kaunas airfield was established. Kaunas S. Darius and S. Girėnas airfield flourished during the period of First Republic of Lithuania. The airfield began to expand: new buildings, aviation facilities appeared. Military aviation school and military aviation workshop were also established. In addition, at the same time the rudiments of civil aviation appeared in Kaunas airfield. They led to the establishment of the Lithuanian Aero Club (LAC). LAC organized plenty of festivals which brought aviation to public's attention. Until the establishment of LAC, Lithuanian society has had a little interest in aviation and had no access to it. Lithuanian Aero Club (founded in 1927) took the action in Lithuanian society; it promoted civil and sport aviation. LAC organized aviation festivals in various Lithuanian cities and towns, promoted aviation in press, encouraged people to participate in a lottery (organized by LAC) and become members of the club. LAC activities were carried out not only in Lithuania but also abroad. Aviation festivals organized by Lithuanian Aero Club became an object of Lithuanian public attention and discussion. In the press constantly appeared articles where the main attention was given to: aviation celebrations, participants of the festivals, pilots, fluttering of acrobatic planes. Demonstrative parachute jumps gripped much attention from aviation lovers during aviation days. Parachutists gained special reaction and support from the audience. S. Darius – S. Girėnas and F. Vaitkus transatlantic flights received a lot of public interest. Exactly these flights, apart aviation days, were the most analyzed and discussed topics among Lithuanian society. Lithuanian people especially focused on welcome and accolade of transatlantic pilots. The relationship between Lithuanian public and aviation was suppressed, or, in other words, stopped by the Soviet occupation. The work of Kaunas airfield and Lithuanian Aero Club was suspended during Soviet occupation.

Lithuania has undertaken significant fiscal adjustment to date. It implemented fiscal measures amounting to some 17 percent of GDP during 2009?12, about half of which were frontloaded in 2009. This has brought the fiscal deficit down from a peak of 9.4 percent of GDP in 2009 to an estimated 3 percent of GDP in 2012. The country's public debt is estimated at around 40 percent of GDP as of end-2012, up from 15.5 percent of GDP at the end of 2008

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT: STRONG PERFORMANCE IN A MORE UNCERTAIN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: STRONG CYCLICAL PERFORMANCE WITHOUT PRE-CRISIS IMBALANCES -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS: HIGH WAGE GROWTH WITH HEIGHTENED EXTERNAL RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS: SUSTAINED PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH TO INCREASE LIVING STANDARDS -- A. Preserve Macroeconomic Stability and Avoid Imbalances -- B. Increasing Living Standards with Sustained Wage and Productivity Growth -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Bank Competition -- 2. External Assessment -- 3. Risk Assessment Matrix -- 4. Fiscal Transparency -- 5. Structural Reforms: Diagnostic, Recommendations and Actions -- FIGURES -- 1. Macroeconomic Sector Developments -- 2. Labor Market and Competitiveness Developments -- 3. Banking Sector Developments -- 4. Fiscal Developments -- 5. Adverse Demographic Trends -- 6. Stock and Flow Adjustment -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2015-24 -- 2. General Government Operations, 2015-24 -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2015-24 -- 4. Summary of Monetary Accounts, 2011-18 -- 5. Financial Soundness Indicators, Banking System Data, 2012-18 -- 6. Public Sector Balance Sheet Overview, 2016 -- ANNEXES -- I. Public Sector Debt and External Sustainability Analysis -- II. A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Boom, Bust, and Recovery -- III. Fintech in Lithuania -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- WHAT EXPLAINS LITHUANIA'S LOW TAX-GDP RATIO? -- A. Tax Revenue Performance Relative to the EU -- B. Underlying Reasons for Tax Revenue Underperformance -- C. Quantification of Contributions to Tax Revenue Underperformance -- D. Conclusions and Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- BOX -- 1. Estimating the Effective Statutory Tax Rate -- FIGURES -- 1. Tax Revenues in EU countries, 2015 -- 2. Tax Revenues, 2000-15 -- 3. Tax Structure in Lithuania and the EU, 2015 -- 4. Labor Share of Income, 2012-15 -- TABLES -- 1. Current Taxes on Income and Wealth, 2015 -- 2. Production and Import Taxes in Europe, 2015 -- 3. Social Security Contributions in Europe, 2015 -- 4. Lithuania's Tax Revenue Underperformance, 2015 -- 5. Tax Rates in Europe, 2015 -- 6. Tax Exemptions in Europe, 2015 -- 7. VAT Exemptions in Europe, 2016 -- 8. VAT Compliance Gap, 2015 -- 9. Tax Administration Indicators in Europe, 2013 -- 10. Effective Statutory Tax Rates, 2015 -- 11. Contributions to Lithuania's Tax Underperformance Relative to the EU, 2015 -- LITHUANIA'S INNOVATION SYSTEM AND PROPOSALS FOR REFORM-LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF ISRAEL -- A. Innovation Performance -- B. Innovation Policies -- C. Conclusions and Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- FIGURES -- 1. Summary Innovation Index -- 2. Aggregate and Public R&D Expenditure, 1996-2014 -- 3. R&D Expenditure and Financing -- 4. Indicators of Scientific Innovation, 2013 -- 5. Non-Scientific Innovation, 2015 -- 6. Overview of Lithuania's Research and Innovation System, 2016 -- 7. Overview of Israel's Research and Innovation System -- 8. Innovation Promotion Programs and Their Funding under the 2014-20 MFF -- TABLE -- 1. Innovation Index Comparison -- ANNEXES -- I. Objectives and Targets of the Lithuania Innovation Promotion Program 2014-20 -- II. Institutional Setup of Lithuania's Innovation System.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- SKILLS MISMATCH AND ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICY IN LITHUANIA -- A. Labor Market in Lithuania -- B. Skills Mismatch in Lithuania -- C. Active Labor Market Policy in Lithuania -- D. Policy Implication -- References -- BOXES -- 1. Aggregate Skills Mismatch Index -- 2. OECD's Skills for Jobs Indicators -- THE INTEREST RATE GAP AND FINANCIAL CONDITIONS IN LITHUANIA -- A. Introduction -- B. The Laubach-Williams Framework -- C. The Market-implied Natural Interest Rate -- D. The Interest Rate Gap -- E. Financial Conditions -- F. Conclusion -- References -- ANNEX -- I. Calibration of Priors for Key Parameters in the Laubach-Williams Model.

The marriage institute of the 1st half of the 20th century, which encompasses broad historical-legal aspects as well as cultural-social sections of society, is perhaps the most striking dimension by which it is possible to reconstruct the principles of family formation in the interwar Lithuania. It is also possible to grasp the concept of romantic love (passion) emerging in society or the change of male-female relationships (including sexual ones). As far as marital, pre-marital, or non-marital relationships between men and women are concerned, it is clear that marriage and family are key elements through which acceleration of the changing society can be felt and political and social mechanisms that are relevant to gender collaboration can be described. Therefore, the subject of this study includes marriage as a legal event, a demographic section, and a striking case of the manwoman relationship behavior of 1918–1940. Analysis of statistical data in the study showed that marital behavior change in the general public during the period of 1918–1940 took place, but they were not radical: the changes were not a sudden cultural or social revolution in society. The causes of marriage continued to be dominated by the economic and confessional motives, and behavior was influenced by romantic love (passion), thus, differences in rural and urban environments began to appear. The interwar Lithuanian public controversy over the (un)necessity of the Civil Marriage Law primarily shows the different sentiments of ideological camps and reflects the (in)ability of the state to legally formally guarantee its citizens the right to free marriage. In this debate, the issue of marriage in general often overlapped with the question of civil registration, indicating that this actualization of the problem only partially reflected other realities concerning the institution of marriage. Therefore, the civil registration debate showed only one of the most pressing issues, but not the most important one. The Marriage Law drafts and projects provided for a rather gentle law that affirms (emphasizes) former traditions and experiences that had to find a compromise corresponding the controversy not only between the traditional (Christian) and the modern (secular) society, but also reflecting the changes of the majority of the Catholic society itself, and the relations with an authoritarian regime.

The marriage institute of the 1st half of the 20th century, which encompasses broad historical-legal aspects as well as cultural-social sections of society, is perhaps the most striking dimension by which it is possible to reconstruct the principles of family formation in the interwar Lithuania. It is also possible to grasp the concept of romantic love (passion) emerging in society or the change of male-female relationships (including sexual ones). As far as marital, pre-marital, or non-marital relationships between men and women are concerned, it is clear that marriage and family are key elements through which acceleration of the changing society can be felt and political and social mechanisms that are relevant to gender collaboration can be described. Therefore, the subject of this study includes marriage as a legal event, a demographic section, and a striking case of the manwoman relationship behavior of 1918–1940. Analysis of statistical data in the study showed that marital behavior change in the general public during the period of 1918–1940 took place, but they were not radical: the changes were not a sudden cultural or social revolution in society. The causes of marriage continued to be dominated by the economic and confessional motives, and behavior was influenced by romantic love (passion), thus, differences in rural and urban environments began to appear. The interwar Lithuanian public controversy over the (un)necessity of the Civil Marriage Law primarily shows the different sentiments of ideological camps and reflects the (in)ability of the state to legally formally guarantee its citizens the right to free marriage. In this debate, the issue of marriage in general often overlapped with the question of civil registration, indicating that this actualization of the problem only partially reflected other realities concerning the institution of marriage. Therefore, the civil registration debate showed only one of the most pressing issues, but not the most important one. The Marriage Law drafts and projects provided for a rather gentle law that affirms (emphasizes) former traditions and experiences that had to find a compromise corresponding the controversy not only between the traditional (Christian) and the modern (secular) society, but also reflecting the changes of the majority of the Catholic society itself, and the relations with an authoritarian regime.

The marriage institute of the 1st half of the 20th century, which encompasses broad historical-legal aspects as well as cultural-social sections of society, is perhaps the most striking dimension by which it is possible to reconstruct the principles of family formation in the interwar Lithuania. It is also possible to grasp the concept of romantic love (passion) emerging in society or the change of male-female relationships (including sexual ones). As far as marital, pre-marital, or non-marital relationships between men and women are concerned, it is clear that marriage and family are key elements through which acceleration of the changing society can be felt and political and social mechanisms that are relevant to gender collaboration can be described. Therefore, the subject of this study includes marriage as a legal event, a demographic section, and a striking case of the manwoman relationship behavior of 1918–1940. Analysis of statistical data in the study showed that marital behavior change in the general public during the period of 1918–1940 took place, but they were not radical: the changes were not a sudden cultural or social revolution in society. The causes of marriage continued to be dominated by the economic and confessional motives, and behavior was influenced by romantic love (passion), thus, differences in rural and urban environments began to appear. The interwar Lithuanian public controversy over the (un)necessity of the Civil Marriage Law primarily shows the different sentiments of ideological camps and reflects the (in)ability of the state to legally formally guarantee its citizens the right to free marriage. In this debate, the issue of marriage in general often overlapped with the question of civil registration, indicating that this actualization of the problem only partially reflected other realities concerning the institution of marriage. Therefore, the civil registration debate showed only one of the most pressing issues, but not the most important one. The Marriage Law drafts and projects provided for a rather gentle law that affirms (emphasizes) former traditions and experiences that had to find a compromise corresponding the controversy not only between the traditional (Christian) and the modern (secular) society, but also reflecting the changes of the majority of the Catholic society itself, and the relations with an authoritarian regime.

The marriage institute of the 1st half of the 20th century, which encompasses broad historical-legal aspects as well as cultural-social sections of society, is perhaps the most striking dimension by which it is possible to reconstruct the principles of family formation in the interwar Lithuania. It is also possible to grasp the concept of romantic love (passion) emerging in society or the change of male-female relationships (including sexual ones). As far as marital, pre-marital, or non-marital relationships between men and women are concerned, it is clear that marriage and family are key elements through which acceleration of the changing society can be felt and political and social mechanisms that are relevant to gender collaboration can be described. Therefore, the subject of this study includes marriage as a legal event, a demographic section, and a striking case of the manwoman relationship behavior of 1918–1940. Analysis of statistical data in the study showed that marital behavior change in the general public during the period of 1918–1940 took place, but they were not radical: the changes were not a sudden cultural or social revolution in society. The causes of marriage continued to be dominated by the economic and confessional motives, and behavior was influenced by romantic love (passion), thus, differences in rural and urban environments began to appear. The interwar Lithuanian public controversy over the (un)necessity of the Civil Marriage Law primarily shows the different sentiments of ideological camps and reflects the (in)ability of the state to legally formally guarantee its citizens the right to free marriage. In this debate, the issue of marriage in general often overlapped with the question of civil registration, indicating that this actualization of the problem only partially reflected other realities concerning the institution of marriage. Therefore, the civil registration debate showed only one of the most pressing issues, but not the most important one. The Marriage Law drafts and projects provided for a rather gentle law that affirms (emphasizes) former traditions and experiences that had to find a compromise corresponding the controversy not only between the traditional (Christian) and the modern (secular) society, but also reflecting the changes of the majority of the Catholic society itself, and the relations with an authoritarian regime.

This article aims to expand on our knowledge of interpreting and interpreters in the early years of the Republic of Estonia's creation of symbolic capital (1918–1940). The authors' point of departure is the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's definition of symbolic capital. She has researched the evolution in interpreting in Estonia during three phases (1918–1940, 1944–1991 and 1991 to the present day) and, although the article is limited to diplomatic interpreting and the growth of the newly independent Republic of Estonia's symbolic capital via interpreting in diplomatic intercourse, it represents a new approach in the descriptive history of interpretation in Estonia. During that period, diplomatic interpreting supported the Republic of Estonia's aspirations to be recognised and accepted as an independent state in world politics. The years 1918–1940 were studied by analysing 36 memoirs, newspaper articles covering interpreting from the Estonian Literary Museum's collection, diplomatic correspondence as well as the minutes of the Tartu Peace negotiations with Russia in 1919–1920, which are preserved in the State Archive of Estonia.

The aim of Master's work is to analyze and evaluate the juridical adjustment of the meetings, entertainment, associations and the press by the theoretical and practical aspects. Chronological range - 1918 - 1940 year – is the independent Lithuania state lifetime. The first part of the work includes the parliamentary term, when the country created and developed the human rights, according to the national law. The second part of the work intended to analyze the authoritarian regulations in national law and eventually in the Constitution. In the third part I analyze the impact to the liberties of the state of emergency through all the inter-war period. During the parliamentary period the press, association and entertainment and meetings have been regulated by the relevant laws. Authorities were trying to create a legal means to defend human rights within the limits of the law to granted constitutional guarantees. Although the constitution declared the liberty of the press, meetings, association and entertainment, the legal regulation of these areas were established by law. When the country has entrenched the authoritarian presidential position the press, meetings, association and entertainment has been regulated by the new laws, which allowed the citizens to use their constitutional rights and freedoms only with appropriate permits from the government representatives or officials. Were denied the opportunity to defend citizen's rights and the constitutional guarantees dependent on government policies. Each Constitution of Lithuania indicated the state of emergency. It meant the introduction and the suspension of the citizens' rights and freedoms. Some efforts were made to minimize the control of the press, associations, meetings and entertainment liberties. When the country has entrenched the authoritarian presidential position determinate the strength of the military and administrative pressure to the press, association, meetings and entertainments.

The aim of Master's work is to analyze and evaluate the juridical adjustment of the meetings, entertainment, associations and the press by the theoretical and practical aspects. Chronological range - 1918 - 1940 year – is the independent Lithuania state lifetime. The first part of the work includes the parliamentary term, when the country created and developed the human rights, according to the national law. The second part of the work intended to analyze the authoritarian regulations in national law and eventually in the Constitution. In the third part I analyze the impact to the liberties of the state of emergency through all the inter-war period. During the parliamentary period the press, association and entertainment and meetings have been regulated by the relevant laws. Authorities were trying to create a legal means to defend human rights within the limits of the law to granted constitutional guarantees. Although the constitution declared the liberty of the press, meetings, association and entertainment, the legal regulation of these areas were established by law. When the country has entrenched the authoritarian presidential position the press, meetings, association and entertainment has been regulated by the new laws, which allowed the citizens to use their constitutional rights and freedoms only with appropriate permits from the government representatives or officials. Were denied the opportunity to defend citizen's rights and the constitutional guarantees dependent on government policies. Each Constitution of Lithuania indicated the state of emergency. It meant the introduction and the suspension of the citizens' rights and freedoms. Some efforts were made to minimize the control of the press, associations, meetings and entertainment liberties. When the country has entrenched the authoritarian presidential position determinate the strength of the military and administrative pressure to the press, association, meetings and entertainments.