Suchergebnisse

In June 2018, Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) enacted changes to the medical inadmissibility provision (section 38(1)(c)) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) in the form of a temporary public policy. These consisted of raising the cost threshold for defining "excessive demand," and narrowing the scope of "social services" eligible to be deemed a burden to the state when considering temporary and permanent residency applications to Canada. Reasons cited for the proposed changes included promoting the inclusion of applicants with disabilities (such as children in need of special education) and of applicants requiring costly prescription drugs (such as HIV-positive individuals). Although impacts at this stage are preliminary, these amendments are expected to greatly decrease the number of medical inadmissibility findings issued to permanent and temporary residence applicants on a yearly basis. This reform occurred in the context of mounting societal and political pressures calling for a more humanitarian approach to immigration policy. It illustrates important tensions underlying the state's obligation to protect the collective good of society while navigating the ethical implications of exclusionary immigration measures. En juin 2018, Immigration, Refugiés et Citoyenneté Canada (IRCC) a apporté des changements à la politique d'interdiction de territoire pour motifs sanitaires (section 38(1)(c)) de la Loi sur l'immigration et la protection des réfugiés, sous la forme d'une politique publique temporaire. Ces changements consistaient à augmenter le seuil de coûts servant à définir un "fardeau excessif," ainsi qu'à réduire le périmètre de définition des "services sociaux" susceptibles d'être perçus comme représentant une charge financière pour l'État lors de l'évaluation des demandes de statut de résidence temporaire ou permanente au Canada. La promotion de l'inclusion des individus souffrant de handicaps (tels que les enfants ayant besoin d'un enseignement spécialisé) et des personnes nécessitant des ordonnances coûteuses (telles que les personnes séropositives) faisaient parie des raisons invoquées pour les changements proposés. Bien qu'il soit trop tôt pour en mesurer les effets, ces modifications pourraient considérablement réduire le nombre d'interdictions de territoire pour motifs sanitaires émises chaque année à l'encontre des demandeurs de résidence permanente et temporaire. Des pressions sociales et politiques croissantes pour une approche plus humanitaire de la politique d'immigration canadienne ont créé un contexte favorable pour cette réforme. Celle-ci illustre les tensions importantes entre l'obligation de l'État de protéger le bien-être collectif de la société et les implications éthiques des pratiques d'immigration restrictives.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of human rights in a democratic society. Despite the fact that all natural human rights are important, the right to health care is practically in the forefront, because without its observance all other rights are leveled. Moreover, the relevance of the topic is even greater given the fact that for a long time the relevant law was not given due attention in law or in legal science. The right to health care is comprehensive and includes other human rights that derive from it. The existing case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) confirms the importance of the human right to health care. In its judgments, the Court emphasizes the importance of this right and reaffirms the need for States to monitor its observance. The aim of the study – analysis of international legal norms and standards, as well as the practice of the ECtHR in the context of the human right to health. The leading research method used in the article is the formal-legal method, the application of which provided an effective analysis of the legal framework of international law, national legislation of Ukraine, and the case law of the ECtHR. Which, in turn, allowed to determine the importance of human rights to health and places of relevant law in the practice of the ECtHR. The article analyzes the theoretical and legal approaches to understanding the right to health care and on this basis identifies the place of relevant law in the human rights system and its main determinants. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights is analyzed and the main articles of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which the applicants applied for in violation of the right to health care, are identified. The analysis of the case law of the ECtHR provided an opportunity to identify existing shortcomings in the legislation of the member states. Based on this, it is possible to understand and distinguish ways to solve problems and methods for eliminating such violations in the ...

Traces developments and political links of the former Soviet socialized health care network and suggests ways to improve its delivery and the medical insurance system.

With the passing of Royal Decree-Law 16/2012, Spain's national health system switched from a model defined by universal and free health care principles, to a private insurance system that excluded large population groups. Based on a qualitative research design, this paper examines the media treatment of undocumented immigrants¿ prerogatives to public health care in Spain (2012¿2018). The analysis of 234 articles, drawn from three major Spanish newspapers, reveals three frames that underscore the media's "rhetorics of inclusion," which argue for the extension of free medical services to irregular immigrantsa topic traditionally underestimated by the literature. The moralist frame, supported by social justice arguments, is found in tandem with the cost-benefit frame that advocates for immigrants¿ health care access as a means for containing medical expenses. The overall predominance of the legalist frame largely relies on arguments that reflect a Spanish political culture rooted in the universality of health rights.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of human rights in a democratic society. Despite the fact that all natural human rights are important, the right to health care is practically in the forefront, because without its observance all other rights are leveled. Moreover, the relevance of the topic is even greater given the fact that for a long time the relevant law was not given due attention in law or in legal science. The right to health care is comprehensive and includes other human rights that derive from it. The existing case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) confirms the importance of the human right to health care. In its judgments, the Court emphasizes the importance of this right and reaffirms the need for States to monitor its observance. The aim of the study – analysis of international legal norms and standards, as well as the practice of the ECtHR in the context of the human right to health. The leading research method used in the article is the formal-legal method, the application of which provided an effective analysis of the legal framework of international law, national legislation of Ukraine, and the case law of the ECtHR. Which, in turn, allowed to determine the importance of human rights to health and places of relevant law in the practice of the ECtHR. The article analyzes the theoretical and legal approaches to understanding the right to health care and on this basis identifies the place of relevant law in the human rights system and its main determinants. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights is analyzed and the main articles of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which the applicants applied for in violation of the right to health care, are identified. The analysis of the case law of the ECtHR provided an opportunity to identify existing shortcomings in the legislation of the member states. Based on this, it is possible to understand and distinguish ways to solve problems and methods for eliminating such violations in the future. The practical significance of the article lies in the analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the separation of rights related to the right to protection of life, as well as the identification of the main determinants of the studied law.

Using a social medicine perspective, this article describes the Frente Amplio [Broad Front] government strategies for creating a more social, productive, democratic, innovative, and culturally integrated Uruguay. This nation will recognize health as a basic human right, is concerned about the general well being of its population, and understands the need for public health reform. The present health reform is at the heart of Uruguay's current social, economic and political transformations, changes which have a moral-ethical and social justice dimension. The health proposal calls for substantive transformation, requiring three parallel progressive changes: in health care delivery, in health care management and in health care financing. The current reform has created a mixed private-public Integrated National Health Care System and an increasingly well funded National Health Insurance program. The process is new and evolving, transcendent, democratic, and participatory. Keywords: social medicine, right to health, human rights, reform, Integrated National Health Care System.

Hedendaags is sprake van een bijna universele onderschrijving van het recht op gezondheid (en het recht op gezondheidszorg als onderdeel daarvan). Ondanks de groeiende wettelijke erkenning van het recht op gezondheidszorg, blijkt uit empirisch onderzoek dat de implementatie van dit recht grotendeels retorisch blijft op het nationale niveau. Hoewel China bijvoorbeeld het IVESCR in 2001 heeft geratificeerd, is weinig aandacht besteed aan de tenuitvoerlegging van het recht op gezondheidszorg op nationaal niveau. Schendingen van dit recht zijn dan ook vastgesteld. Aangezien de hervorming van de gezondheidszorg in China de zogenaamde 'diepwaterzone' ingaat, is het van cruciaal belang voor de Chinese overheid om te onderzoeken hoe iedereen gelijke toegang tot gezondheidszorg te garanderen. Het doel van deze studie is om bestaande tekortkomingen in China's tenuitvoerlegging van het recht op gezondheidszorg te identificeren. Om vervolgens de resterende uitdagingen te onderzoeken in het kader van het mensenrechten-concept accountability (de plicht van overheden om verantwoording af te leggen). En daaropvolgend aanbevelingen te doen aan Chinese wet- en beleidsmakers voor het implementeren van de Chinese verplichtingen onder het recht op gezondheidszorg middels de conceptwet Basic Health Law. De centrale onderzoeksvraag is daarom of en hoe het 'verantwoording afleggen' (accountability) het recht op gezondheidszorg kan bevorderen in het licht van China's unieke politieke, juridische en sociaal-maatschappelijke context. Op deze wijze worden in deze studie twee verschillende concepten gesynthetiseerd: (1) het recht op gezondheid; en (2) accountability. Beide concepten worden zo in een analytisch raamwerk voor 'het recht op gezondheid-gerelateerde accountability' geïntegreerd. Op basis hiervan beoogt de studie een constructief verantwoordingsmodel te bieden dat toegepast kan worden op specifieke gezondheidsproblemen, zowel in China als in andere landen, met name landen met niet-electorale regimes. ; Currently, there is an almost universal commitment to the right to health (care). However, despite the growing legal recognition of this right, empirical evidence suggests that the domestic implementation of the right to health (care) around the globe remains largely rhetorical. For example, although China ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 2001, relatively little attention was paid to the domestic implementation of the right to health care. Violations of this right were also identified in reality. Given that China's health care reform is entering into the so-called 'deep-water' zone, it is of vital importance for the Chinese government to guarantee everyone equal access to health care. This study aims to identify existing shortcomings in China's domestic implementation of the right to health care, and to address the remaining challenges through the lens of accountability. Having done so, this study offers recommendations for Chinese law- and policy-makers for implementing China's obligations under the right to health care through the draft Basic Health Law. Therefore, the central research question is whether and how 'accountability' could advance the right to health care in light of China's unique political, legal and social background. In doing so, this study synthesises two different concepts: (1) the right to health; and (2) accountability, and integrates them into an analytical framework for 'right to health-based accountability'. The study is expected to establish a constructive accountability model that can be applied to specific health concerns in China, as well as in other countries, particularly those with non-electoral regimes.

Based on legal interpretation, interviews with rejected asylum seekers, and decisions from hospitals and the County Governor, this article examines the degree of compliance with the human right to health care for adult irregular migrants in Norway. The findings indicate that a certain minimum of health care services is accessible for most. However, economic concern represents a heavy burden. Fear of deportation, often considered a barrier to health care in earlier studies, represents a problem for those who evade deportation and lack information about health-care providers' duty of confidentiality. Unclear legislation leads to uncertainty among health personnel. This uncertainty produces, in some cases, an arbitrary practice. The article suggests that the most serious gaps between health-care needs, national legislation, and international human rights obligations appear to exist concerning the lack of rehabilitation rights after surgery, the lack of health care for patients suffering from serious mental health issues, and the high threshold for treatment of chronic diseases. ; publishedVersion