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Abstract:This paper focuses on understanding rule systems by documenting existing rules and their development in irrigation management in Nepal. We analyze the rule formation of a sample of irrigation systems based on the ADICO syntax (Crawford & Ostrom, 1995; Ostrom, 2005). Farmer-managed irrigation systems generally are autonomous in devising their own rules based on local context considering the ideas, norms and beliefs shared within the community. Rule formation in agency-managed irrigation systems, however, is mostly done by external officials. Strong rule enforcement mechanisms were found in farmer-managed systems compared with agency-managed systems. Better rule enforcement created favorable conditions for collective action among the users and ensured better performance of the irrigation systems. Results imply that the formation of new rules should fully consider biophysical attributes as well as community beliefs and ideas.

Existing studies have paid a great deal of attention to how electoral systems affect party politics, but there has been little discussion in the literature on the effects of party registration rules. The theoretical importance of the impact of party registration rules on party system development lies in its temporal priority to the effects of electoral systems. This study aims to fill the theoretical void by conducting a systematic analysis of the effects of party registration rules in Latin America. Using an original dataset of petition signature requirements and spatial registration requirements in 18 Latin American countries from 1978 to 2011, I conduct cross-national time-series analyses on how this institution affects the number of parties. The empirical results show that a more restrictive petition signature requirement significantly reduces the number of electoral parties in a country, while a spatial registration requirement does not significantly affect the number of parties.

AbstractConstrained multi‐item inventory models have long presented signifcant computational problems. This article presents a general algorithm to obtain simultaneous solutions for order quantities and safety stocks for each line item in an inventory, while satisfying constraints on average inventory investment and reordering workload. Computational experience is presented that demonstrates the algorithm's efficiency in handling large‐scale applications. Decision rules for several customer service objectives are developed, with a discussion of the characteristics of the inventory systems in which each objective would be most appropriate. The decision rules are approximations, based on the assumptions commonly used in practice.

The notion of rules is common to the economics of organization and the economics of institutions. The author analyses the concept of going concern by Commons, the spontaneous and organized order in Hayek's works, and North's distinction of formal and informal institutions. Comparing these three theories he proposes a synthetic and critical approach in trying to articulate individual and collective actions in a systemic framework where organizations are defined as collective and hierarchised ensembles of specific rules, and institutions as general and social rules with higher durability, directly or indirectly sanctioned by the state.

In this study, an ontology-driven approach is proposed for semantic conflict detection and classification inrule-based expert systems. It focuses on the critical case of anti-fraud rule repositories for the inspectionof Card Not Present (CNP) transactions in e-commerce environments. The main motivation is to examineand curate anti-fraud rule datasets to avoid semantic conflicts that could lead the underpinning expertsystem to incorrectly perform, e. g., by accepting fraudulent transactions and/or by discarding harmlessones. The proposed approach is based on Web Ontology Language (OWL) and Semantic Web Rule Lan- guage (SWRL) technologies to develop an anti-fraud rule ontology and reasoning tasks, respectively. Thethree main contributions of this work are: first, the creation of a conceptual knowledge model for de- scribing anti-fraud rules and their relationships; second, the development of semantic rules as conflict- resolution methods for anti-fraud expert systems; third, experimental facts are gathered to evaluate andvalidate the proposed model. A real-world use case in the e-commerce (e-Tourism) industry is used toexplain the ontological knowledge design and its use. The experiments show that ontological approachescan effectively discover and classify conflicts in rule-based expert systems in the field of anti-fraud ap- plications. The proposal is also applicable to other domains where knowledge rule bases are involved. ; European Union FP7 EU project SME-Ecompass No: 315637 ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2014-58304 ; Junta de Andalucía P11-TIC-7529 ; Junta de Andalucía P12-TIC-1519

International audience ; In recent years, artificial intelligence tools have democratized and are more and more often used by people who are not experts in the field. For instance, systems based on rules or constraints require human expertise as input to replicate the desired behavior. Despite the explosion of new devices and new input paradigms, such as tablets and other touch interfaces, usability of these tools seems not to have taken advantage of these recent advances. In this article, we focus on a fuzzy expert system for which users want to enter rules. We use our industrial partnerships to define with current users their needs in terms of rule authoring. They expressed their will of more mobility, more modernism, less mathematics. We present our work that involves the use of new touch interfaces to capture a fuzzy rule with only one finger. We end this article by the evaluation of the GUI with a user panel.

International audience ; In recent years, artificial intelligence tools have democratized and are more and more often used by people who are not experts in the field. For instance, systems based on rules or constraints require human expertise as input to replicate the desired behavior. Despite the explosion of new devices and new input paradigms, such as tablets and other touch interfaces, usability of these tools seems not to have taken advantage of these recent advances. In this article, we focus on a fuzzy expert system for which users want to enter rules. We use our industrial partnerships to define with current users their needs in terms of rule authoring. They expressed their will of more mobility, more modernism, less mathematics. We present our work that involves the use of new touch interfaces to capture a fuzzy rule with only one finger. We end this article by the evaluation of the GUI with a user panel.