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This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1982

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Acronyms -- 1 Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1991 -- 2 Russian Foreign Policy Decision-making -- 3 Russian Relations with the "Near Abroad," -- 4 Russian Policy Toward Central and Eastern Europe -- 5 Russian Policy Toward Western Europe: The German Axis -- 6 Russian Policy Toward the United States -- 7 Russian Policy Toward Japan -- 8 Russian Policy Toward China -- 9 Russian Policy Toward the Two Koreas -- 10 Russian Policy Toward Vietnam -- 11 Russian Policy Toward India: A Relationship on Hold -- 12 Russian Policy Toward Latin America and Cuba -- 13 Russian Policy Toward Central Asia and the Middle East -- 14 Russia's New Agenda in Sub-Saharan Africa -- About the Book -- About the Editor and Contributors -- Index

Circular migration, whereby rural migrants do not remain permanently in town, has particular significance in the academic literature on development and urbanization in Africa, often having negative connotations in southern Africanist studies due to its links with an iniquitous migrant labour system. Literature on other African regions often views circular migration more positively. This book reviews the current evidence about circular migration and urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa. The author challenges the dominant view that rural-urban migration continues unabated and shows that circular migration has continued and has adapted, with faster out-migration in the face of declining urban economic opportunities. The empirical core of the book illustrates these trends through a detailed examination of the case of Zimbabwe based on the author's longstanding research on Harare. The political and economic changes in Zimbabwe since the 1980s transformed Harare from one of the best African cities to live in over this period to one of the worst. Harare citizens' livelihoods exemplify, in microcosm, the central theme of the book: the re-invention of circulation and rural-urban links in response to economic change. Deborah Potts is a Senior Lecturer in the Geography Department of King's College London. She works in the broad research field of urbanization and migration in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly southern Africa and has conducted research on these themes in Harare in Zimbabwe since 1985. South Africa: University of Cape Town Press (pbk)

Unlike most Asian and Latin American countries, sub-Saharan Africa has seen both an increase in population growth rates and a weakening of traditional patterns of child-spacing since the 1960s. It is tempting to conclude that sub-Saharan countries have simply not reached adequate levels of income, education, and urbanization for a fertility decline to occur. This book argues, however, that such a socioeconomic threshold hypothesis will not provide an adequate

Abstract
The relationship between education and democracy has been empirically researched since the late 1950s, with most evidence stemming from global datasets. Initial results showed no relationship between education and democracy after looking at the within-country estimation. But, as more advanced statistical methods emerged, addressing endogeneity problems of the within-country estimation, a statistically significant relationship between education, measured through average years of total schooling, and democracy appeared. However, all studies have looked at the association broadly, and only a handful have applied this nexus to the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. By creating a new dataset incorporating thirty countries, this study shows that education is statistically significantly associated with democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results are robust to multiple other covariates and mirror the ones reported in the academic literature. This study echoes the continued focus on education, especially in light of recent developments and multiple organisations announcing that democracy declined worldwide.

Addressing an under-studied aspect of U.S. foreign policy towards sub-Saharan Africa, Hendrickson provides a critical historical analysis of institutions designed to promote private investment in the region. She draws attention to the interaction between strategic factors, domestic interests, and the ideas used to achieve consensus on policy, Addressing an under-studied aspect of U.S. foreign policy towards sub-Saharan Africa, Roshen Hendrickson provides a critical historical analysis of efforts to promote private investment in the region since World War II. The author investigates the role of institutions such as the United States Agency for International Development, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, the Millennium Challenge Corporation and bills such as the African Growth and Opportunity Act. She draws attention to the way strategic factors, domestic pressures and ideas about the role of U.S. investment in Africa influenced policymakers during the Cold War and post Cold War periods. Examples of government assistance to private investors highlight trends in bilateral policies and point to the necessity for the United States to contribute to global governance that will enable private investment to play a role in promoting sustainable economic growth in Africa

Political, military, and economic relations since 1980.

This article presents data on what has happened in Africa since Cairo. On too many fronts, especially in the areas of ICPD promises, the countries and people of sub-Saharan Africa have moved backwards, or have stagnated and made no progress. The poorest African countries grew poorer, while the richest nations of the North got (much) richer; life expectancy fell; maternal mortality rates rose; skilled personnel attended fewer births; the rates of preventable and treatable communicable diseases rose; public expenditure on health stagnated; and ratios of physicians to population fell or remained the same in one-fourth of the countries. This reflected a serious brain drain. Family planning is the one service that grew in the decade since Cairo.

Authors Christensen and Laitin argue that an interplay of geographic, historical, and demographic factors undergird sub-Saharan states' post-independence struggles to eradicate poverty, establish democratic accountability, and quell civil unrest. They set out the founding fathers' challenges in transforming their postcolonial states, many of which are ethnically diverse, geographically diffuse, sparsely populated, and lacking in administrative capacity. With the legacies of the slave trade, partition, Christian missionaries, and extractive colonial institutions complicating their efforts, many African states faced stagnation, authoritarianism, and civil strife. Recent years have seen promising attempts to restore democracy to states under authoritarian rule and to liberalize their economies, suggesting that the region is moving toward a new era. Relying on the best statistical data and richly illustrated with case material, this book is an indispensable source for scholars and policy analysts seeking to understand Africa's post-independence political trajectories

This paper documents cyclical patterns of government expenditures in sub-Saharan Africa since 1970 and explains variation between countries and over time. Controlling for endogeneity, it finds government expenditures to be slightly more procyclical in sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries and some evidence that procyclicality in Africa has declined in recent years after a period of sharp increase through the 1990s. Greater fiscal space, proxied by lower external debt, and better access to concessional financing, proxied by larger aid flows, seem to be important factors in dimin

Investigating why Latin American music came to be the sound-track of the independence era, this contribution offers an overview of musical developments and cultural politics in certain sub-Saharan African countries since the 1960s. Focusing first on how the governments of newly independent African states used musical styles and musicians to support their nation-building projects, the article then looks at musicians' more recent perspectives on the independence era. Adapted from the source document.

Foreword The context for irrigation development in Africa has been changing rapidly and drastically over the past decade. On the one hand, there is increasing scepticism about the returns to public investment in irrigation development, and a resulting decline in such investment. On the other hand, there are continued serious concerns about food insecurity and economic under-development in Africa. The Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) adopted the ambitious goal of achieving and sustaining a 6 percent annual growth rate, a goal that has since been endorsed by Africa's Heads of State under the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). How is Africa to achieve such a growth rate in agriculture and attain the World Food Summit goal of halving the number of undernourished people by 2015 without substantial irrigation investments? The good news is that while public investment has declined in the past, there is increasing evidence of positive experiences with small-scale private sector supported irrigation development. Some 70 million ha are currently under private irrigation in developing countries but are not well accounted for in official government statistics. It is estimated that nearly three-quarters of the future investment needed in the developing countries would consist of private commitments. We now realise that in the past the potential role of the private sector has been under-estimated. It is this realisation which gave impetus to this workshop. In 2000, the Africa Regional Office of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) approached the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) and proposed to co-organise the workshop. IWMI and CTA accepted the idea at a time when the former was establishing a new Africa Regional Office in Pretoria, South Africa and because it was in line with the latter's policy and programme. While FAO led the organisation of the workshop, IWMI prepared these Proceedings for copublication by the three co-sponsors. As evidenced in these Proceedings, we believe the expectations we had for the Workshop were more than fulfilled. There are a number of interesting and promising projects in Africa that demonstrate the potential of the private sector in promoting irrigation. These projects are promoted by NGOs, local private firms and individuals. They include interesting cases of the public sector encouraging and enabling private sector participation and development. Some of these cases are presented in this volume. FAO, IWMI and CTA continue to work together on a range of programmes globally and in Africa. We perceive that together we can accomplish a lot in terms of supporting an African agricultural renaissance by mutual co-operation and partnerships with a range of African institutions. We are confident that these Proceedings will be useful for many researchers, policy makers and practitioners in agricultural development in Africa. Douglas J. Merrey Director for Africa IWMI M. J. Omar Officer-in-Charge FAO Regional Office for Africa Carl B. Greenidge Director CTA ; Regional Seminar on Private Sector Participation and Irrigation Expansion in sub-Saharan Africa