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Hikayat Patani is a saga that tells of the Patani kingdom and various diplomatic strategies contained in the Patani kingdom. The aim of this research is to describe various texts that discuss the diplomatic strategy of the Patani kingdom in Hikayat Patani by using a literary of sociology approach. This research is sourced from the data of Hikayat Patani. The data collection techniques using reading and noting techniques. The data analysis technique uses a qualitative descriptive technique accompanied by a theory of literary of sociology. The results of the study show that diplomatic strategies of Patani kingdom in Hikayat Patani namely: 1) political diplomacy with Siam; 2) war diplomacy with Siam and Palembang; 3) marital diplomacy with Pahang and Johor; 4) trade diplomacy with Cina and Melaka; 5) power diplomacy with Kelantan; and 6) religious diplomacy with Pasai. Moreover, the results of the research show that the diplomatic strategies of Patani kingdom contained in Hikayat Patani are aims to maintain and maintain the honor of the kingdom as a sovereign kingdom and a mirror of Patani society at the time the text was created.

This paper aims to present a sociology of literary studies that is distinguished from the sociology of literature in that its focus is on literary studies as a social practice rather than as a socio-cultural institution: how literary studies is institutionalized as such not how it functions in relation to literature. The sociological analysis of literary studies in this paper entails two tasks. Firstly, it constructs a methodological frame within which literary studies can be observed and analysed in terms of the rules of discursive formation rather than as a pre-discursive entity. This is achieved through conceptualizing the Foucauldian notion of discursive formation and knowledge practice as an analytic strategy and operationalising it via Paul Dowling's Social Activity Method. Empirically, the analysis produces a description of the practice of literary studies as instantiated in the particular region of the practice constituted with what I refer to as the crisis discourse. The analysis describes literary studies as that which is emergent upon differing institutionalising strategies articulated by its participants to mark out literary studies from other practices and to maintain its disciplinarity through regulating the distribution and the access of the distribution of the discourse within and beyond the practice. The generalisability of the research in this paper lies in the applicability of the analytical method that can be employed at any given level of analysis to examine discursive practice—such as literary studies—as the effects of the particular discourses in terms of how they articulate and sustain the institutionalised identity of the practice.

Literature is the art form of the nation-state. The written word was at the peak of its influence from the Enlightenment until late in the 20th century. National literatures became central to the development of national identities and the formation of national art worlds. Moreover, they were important vehicles for the exchange of ideas. However, the central position of the nation-state has dwindled due to the centrifugal effects of globalization and regionalization. Simultaneously, literature has given way to other, mainly visual and digital, cultural forms. In the process, it has lost much of its political clout. Literature seems to pose little or no threat to those groups it may previously have worried, and is of little consequence to elites in the 21st century. Instead, it has become an object of cultural consumption, for dwindling and aging publics.

This paper reviews Franco Moretti's use of statistics and techniques for visualizing the action of literary forms, and assesses their implications for the development of cultural sociology. It compares Moretti's use of such methods with the work of Pierre Bourdieu, contrasting the principles of sociological analysis developed by Bourdieu with Moretti's preoccupation with the analysis of literary form as illustrated by his accounts of the development of the English novel and the role of clues in the organization of detective stories. His attempt to use evolutionary principles of explanation to account for the development of literary forms is probed by considering its similarities to earlier evolutionary accounts of the development of design traits. While welcoming the methodological challenge posed by Moretti's work, its lack of an adequate account of the role of literary institutions is criticized, as are the effects of the forms of abstraction that his analyses rest upon.

Review: Benjamin, Walter. 2005. Nušvitimai. Esė rinktinė. Vilnius: Vaga.

AbstractSociology can be both a science and literature. While sociology as science investigates general tendencies of social phenomena through statistical analysis and advances social policies based on the understanding of their objective causes, sociology as literature focuses on the non‐generalizable aspects of an individual event and considers the reasons for the resulting actions of human beings. In this article I examine prominent works in the sociology of literature by three representative Japanese sociologists, Sosuke Mita, Keiichi Sakuta and Shun Inoue, from the 1970s to the early 1980s. After this period, contemporary French philosophy, such as that of Foucault, introduced to Japan during the 1980s, made it clear that literature is nothing more than a social institution that produces interiority in individuals. As a result, sociology as discourse has dominated the intellectual scene in Japan ever since, eclipsing the possibility of sociology as literature, which focuses more on the romantic individual. However, I argue that an alternative possibility for sociology as literature can be found in a sociology of singularity, which grasps the concrete facticity of human activities in ordinary everyday life through reading their descriptions in works of literature.

The authors' discussion of the theoretical issues implied in interdisciplinary studies of sociology and literature is based on their analyses of selected works of sociology, literary theory, and cultural criticism produced during the past twenty years. Attempts to integrate the areas of sociology and literature have resulted in three general approaches: sociology through literature, the sociology of literature, and the study of sociology and literature based on their common dependence on language. The authors analyze the theoretical issues and assumptions that underlie each of these approaches in order to suggest a way to study sociology and literature which retains the richness and complexity of both disciplines.

The short story "Manuel" written by Seno Gumira Ajidarma set in the Santa Cruz incident in Dili (1991), raised humanitarian issues in the relation to state power. East Timor citizens lost their human rights because of the Indonesian military invasion of their territory, and were in a homo sacer or bare life situation. This research uses the theory of political philosophy developed by Giorgio Agamben. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The research questions that are trying to be answered: first, how does the state impose the state of exception so that it raises bare life in short story "Manuel?"; and second, how does the author form of criticism through the short story "Manuel?" towards the New Order citizenship politics? The finding of this study are: first, First, the motive for the application of the state of exception is using the pretext of integration, anticipation of communism, development, and agreements related to the exploration of Timor Gap; and secondly, criticism of the state was conveyed through the speeches of the figure of Manuel, borrowing the speech of East Timor activists, and the adoption of discourse of resistance to the Indonesia military. However, this strategy has an impact on the originality of criticism which deserves to be questioned again.

Literature is defined as an art that develops in human society throughout the ages quite independently of sociol, whereas sociol is a sci whose purpose is to discover objective laws of soc life in all its manifestations, including creative art. The main diff between literature & the other arts is that the subject of literature is syncretic. It is held that literature lends itself more than any other art to sociol'al study. The sociol'at must try to solve the general problems concerning the nature of literature as an art & its place in the historical development of society. Literature is related to the general laws of art, & the ideological essence of art is discussed. Literature is a special form of intellectual creation which uses a special form of imagination. This imagination creates images that transform human life in a specific & expressive manner, both in the relations of its objective soc being & in the subjective world of its soc consciousness. Ideology as expressed in literature does not simply represent people's intellectual convictions or their ideas about life-it also embraces the feelings & aspirations engendered by those convictions & ideas. It is found not only in the form of theories, but is primarily a direct, emotional & total awareness of the diff manifestations of soc life. All creative artists strive to express their emotional interpretation of life in graphic & expressive images in their works because it is their ideological interpretation of life, imbued with emotion & pathos. Consequently the soc substructure of an artistic creation can explain the peculiarities of the content & form of certain works & the history of the development of all types of art throughout the world. E. Weiman.