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This paper on the question of the concept, role and functions of State, attempts to critically analyze recent developments and transformations. It is assumed that all existing State models to date are in ideological crisis that challenges the concept of State.The problem is that the empirical evidence of the role and functions of the State or the State system are different from a standpoint of a range of spheres of government, which generate the multiple requirements of the regulatory activity of the State. In the discussion some questions are identified and proposals that may be useful for analyzing the transformation of the State are formulated.

Rendering of the state services is one of the most important activities ofmodern state. Meanwhile, in practice the mixture of the concepts "state function","state service", "control and supervision function" is observed. In the articlethe analysis of legislative consolidation of the concepts, a ratio of the calledcategories is carried out and measures for current legislation enhancement in thesphere of rendering the state services are offered.It is necessary to clearly define the terms in the regulations, and to correctthe lists of public services, excluding licensing, state registration and granting ofpermissions. These procedures should be attributed to the oversight functions ofthe executive authorities. In addition, it is proposed to clarify the definition of"state service". The law defines the following signs of state services: it is the activityof the authorities to carry out their functions within the prescribed term;the subjects are the state bodies of executive power, bodies of local selfgovernment,state non-budgetary funds; declarative implementation services. Itis suggested to add to the statutory definition of "state service" the applicant'srequest for voluntary service and positive effects as a result of its rendering. ; Оказание государственных услуг – одно из важнейших направленийдеятельности современного государства. Между тем на практике наблю-дается смешение понятий «государственная функция», «государствен-ная услуга», «функция по контролю и надзору». В статье проведен ана-лиз законодательного закрепления указанных понятий, соотношенияназванных категорий и предложены меры по совершенствованию дей-ствующего законодательства в сфере оказания государственных услуг.Представляется необходимым четко разграничить указанные поня-тия в нормативных правовых актах и скорректировать перечни госу-дарственных услуг, исключив из них лицензирование, государственнуюрегистрацию и выдачу разрешений. Указанные процедуры следует от-носить к контрольно-надзорным функциям органов исполнительнойвласти. Кроме того, предлагается уточнить определение понятия «госу-дарственная услуга». Закон определяет следующие признаки государст-венных услуг: это деятельность органов власти по реализации их функ-ций в пределах установленных полномочий; субъектами данной дея-тельности выступают государственные органы исполнительной власти,органы местного самоуправления, государственные внебюджетные фон-ды; заявительный порядок реализации услуги. Предложено дополнитьзаконодательное определение понятия «государственная услуга» такимипризнаками, как добровольность обращения заявителя за услугой и на-ступление в результате ее оказания позитивных для заявителя послед-ствий.

Vol. for 1995 originally issued with related directories in ring binder with title: State leadership directories. ; Vols. for 1981-82-1995 have title: State administrative officials classified by function. ; Imprint varies: Lexington, Ky. -1995. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Supplement to: The Book of the States.

Merged with : State elective officials and the legislatures, and State legislative leadership, committees, and staff to form State leadership directories. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Issued as Supplement Three to : The Book of the States.

Privatization of traditional governmental functions has been extensively discussed in the United States for more than two decades, and states have chosen a wide range of programs for privatization and selected a variety of implementation and oversight strategies. In this report we examine the potential for privatization, privatization pitfalls, and ways to optimize the success of privatization effects. Privatization can be attractive for one of two different reasons. It may provide a revenue benefit when the contracting entity can provide the service at a lower cost than that experienced by the governing entity. Typically, lower costs arise from lower personnel costs or through the use of less expensive methods and technologies, including IT solutions. It may also be attractive because privatization may allow government to perform specific services more effectively or more efficiently than it could with its own employees. Typically, these situations occur when a private entity can be more flexible in the deployment of personnel and resources andwhen dealing with new technologies or processes. ; Includes bibliographical references

One of the most important political (constitutional) rights of citizens is the right to participate in elections aimed at choosing the authorities of the given country. Thus, elections are one of the most significant political events in every country. Elections are competitive in democratic states where citizens have some real choice and with the help of votes can influence political scenes of their countries. Elections can be non-competitive and this type of elections can be still found, particularly in the communist world. After World War II the Soviet Union managed to install communist regimes in some Central and Eastern European countries. They acted in the Soviet style as Soviet officers "helped" in ruling. The communist satellite states were fully subordinated to the authorities of the Soviet Union. Elections in communist states were non-competitive and varied much more than competitive ones held in democratic countries. There were two types of communist elections: acclamatory elections (for example in the Soviet Union) and candidate-choice elections (for example in Poland). Elections in communist states were organized regularly but they did not solve anything, did not result in any political changes. There were various reasons for such effects of these elections. First of all, decisions referring to all the matters of the state were made by communist parties, not through elections. The parties decided about everything and controlled citizens fully. The citizens were to vote according to the parties' will and not to decide about directions of countries' development. Secondly, the communist parties had practically no opposition. Even if other parties were allowed to nominate their candidates to electoral papers, they did it on agreement with the communist parties to which they were subordinated. The communist parties decided of candidates' positions on electoral papers what gave advantages to communist candidates as majority of voters voted without crossings-out, i.e. without changing the candidates' ranks on the electoral list. Thirdly, because of lack of control from any opposition (that did not exist or had no say) elections were organized and monitored only by the communist parties that were able to ensure both turnouts and election results according to their wish. Turnouts were reported high, usually above 90 %. In literature communist elections are called "the made elections" (Harrop & Miller, 1991, p. 37). The communist parties organized elections because they wanted to be in power as representative forces of the nations. They searched for legitimacy. That was one of the most important functions of elections in the communist states. But legitimacy was not coming from elections as the nations' will was different. In order to stay in power the communist parties created electoral mechanisms which enabled them to win elections. Here we come up to the most important feature of communist elections - they should not threaten the communist party in keeping its dominant position and maintaining power as well as control over the society. The deciding moment in the history of the European communism came when the famous Polish riots of 1980 resulted in coming into existence of the Solidarity movement. Since then a constant political fight against communism, which had a weak economic performance, brought the both sides in Poland to round-table talks which resulted in giving back political power by the communist party to the nation. Free elections of 1989 in Poland mark a turning point in history of European communism which had to go away as an inhuman system, foreign to aspirations of the nations.

This paper onthe questionof the concept, role and functions of State, attempts tocritically analyze recent developments and transformations. Itis assumed that all existing State models to date are in ideological crisis that challenges the concept of State.The problem is that the empirical evidence of the roleand functionsof the State or the State system are different from ast and point of a range of spheres of government, which generate the multiple requirements of the regulatory activity of the State. In the discussion some questions are identified and proposals that may be useful for analyzing the transformation of the State are formulated.Keywords. Concept of State, State functions, role of government.JEL. H70, I18.