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Contemporary US Tax Policy, by C Eugene Steuerle, is reviewed.

Most efforts to develop a theory of tax policy change have emphasized institutional, procedural, and partisan explanations. By contrast, very little attention has been directed toward the budgetary context within which tax policy is determined. The long-term evolution of federal income tax policy, however, demonstrates the importance of budgetary context and constraints, and this relationship is particularly evident in the case of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Passage of this comprehensive reform measure depended on a revenue-neutral standard that ignored the traditional norms governing aggregate revenue levels.

The research subject includes the theoretical basis and mechanism of tax policy formation and realization. The study aims to determine tax policy priorities, considering the modern war challenges. Methods. In order to achieve the appropriate tasks, we used a set of methods and approaches that helped to ensure the conceptual unity of our investigation. The systemic and structural approaches, generalization methods, analytical evaluation, synthesis, comparison, scientific abstraction are applied. Results. In the paper we distinguished the dominants of tax policy, taking the challenges of martial law and the special period into account. Also, we systematized the institutional changes in the tax policy after the full-scale war. It was determined that adaptability is the key principle of tax policy formation in Ukraine now. We compared the budget revenues' indicators of the State Budget of Ukraine after the beginning of the hybrid and full-scale aggression. Authors justified the urgency of suspending the increase in excise tax on tobacco, considering the level of shadow market. The need for a comprehensive tax reform in the post-war reconstruction period has been determined. Practical implications. Tax policy and instruments of its implementation. Conclusions. It is advisable to ensure institutional transformations of tax policy in order to increase its transparency, fairness, and fiscal capacity. It is important to improve the technological component of the tax service development, which would effectively administer taxes and fees, provide high-quality and convenient administrative services to taxpayers. In modern conditions the dominants of tax policy should be: effective fiscal management by increasing the level of work automation, creating conditions for ensuring a stable and protected IT infrastructure, further improvement of the internal control system of the State Tax Service of Ukraine; new quality of taxes and fees administration, taking into account the large-scale challenges associated with the introduction of martial law; comprehensive fight against tax evasion based on the implementation of international standards and improvement of existing analytical tools. The war duration and the significant increase of fiscal deficit determine the need to enhance the fiscal space, which is a vital direction for further research.

We consider in this paper how emerging countries may in practice best design and develop tax policies, given the complex economic and political environments they face. After an overview of what tax systems look like around the world, we discuss the principal objectives that countries may attempt to achieve through tax policy. We conclude by considering the broad political economy context within which tax policy and development issues must be designed and implemented. Our aim is to set out some of the basic issues facing tax policy in emerging countries and to outline some key elements that should be considered in designing the best feasible tax structure for any particular country at a particular time.

Last night, eight Republican presidential hopefuls faced one another on stage to vie for primary voters' support. The debaters discussed the economy, foreign policy, education, crime, abortion, and climate change. Despite a few passing mentions, tax policy was almost entirely absent.

In paper was analysed tax policy in agriculture of Serbia. Tax policy was observed through the current legal framework, as like: Individual Income Tax Law and Corporate Profit Tax Law. Special attention was paid to the Value Added Tax Law, primarily from the aspect of family agricultural husbandries, as from the stand point of the rules that were valid under the old VAT Law, as well as based on last amendments and supplements adopted at the end of 2012. Mentioned approach of VAT studying is leaned on fact that it represents modern form of tax applicable in field of consumption. It was implemented primarily to facilitate the reduction of the grey economy, to harmonize national tax policy with European Union (EU) standards, as well as to increase tax collection.

No public policy issue is of more importance than the structure and level of taxes. Tax reform has led governments to fall. Proposals to extend the VAT or increase its rates have been a source of political agitation in many countries, including Ecuador and Mexico. In many less developed countries, a shortage of funds impedes development efforts, and yet attempts to expand taxation not only meet enormous political resistance, but also often turn out to be futile. Simplistic recommendations to increase the power of the tax police often backfire—generating substantially more revenue for the tax collectors, but not much extra revenue for the public fisc.

A broad outline of the main elements of the Norwegian local tax system is first given. This is followed by a discussion of some of the changes that have taken place in the relative distribution of various sources of local revenue since the mid-seventies. It is shown that although local government's share of total national income tax revenues has increased over recent years, such taxes have decreased as a proportion of total local revenues. This relative decline in the importance of local income taxes has been compensated, in particular, by increases in state grants. Thus, whereas in 1977 taxes accounted for 53% of total local current revenues, by 1982 this proportion had dropped to 47%. Over the same period, central government grants increased from 31% to 35% of current revenues. It is also shown that fees and charges are becoming increasingly important as sources of local revenues. These relative changes in the composition of local revenues have not been uniform across all municipalities. Whereas the larger cities were subject to real cutbacks in tax revenues, taxes continued to increase in the smallest and most peripheral municipalities, despite a government decision in 1978 to lower the maximum local tax rate. Overall, it is suggested that the long-term effect of the policy of central government, as regards local revenues, has been to bring about a rather massive redistribution of revenues, solely benefitting the smallest and already the most well-off municipalities.

This paper reviews trends in taxation and revenue in MENA countries over 1990-2012, with a focus on non-resource taxes. On average, non-resource revenues declined slightly, while resource revenues soared. Country experiences vary: rates of main taxes and their revenues tend to be higher in the Magreb than in the Mashreq, except for the value-added tax, where lower rates are associated with equal or higher revenue; most oil producers raise little tax revenues-generally less than 5 percent of GDP-and most have reduced them since the late 1990s. But there are similarities: unlike common experienc

No public policy issue is of more importance that the structure and level of taxes. Tax reform has led governments to fall. Proposals to extend the V.A.T. or increase its rates have been a source of political agitation in Ecuador and Mexico. In many less developed countries, a shortage of funds impedes development efforts, and yet attempts to expand taxation not only meet enormous political resistance, but also often turn out to be futile. Simplistic recommendations to increase the power of the tax police often backfire— generating substantially more revenue for the tax collectors, but not much extra revenue for the public fisc.