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Although many studies have reported on the vocabulary level and syntactical structures that cause difficulty for hearing-impaired students, only recently have researchers interested in the problems of assessing the classroom learning of deaf students evidenced an interest in the item format used on the evaluation instrument. Students enrolled in a course offered through the Physics Learning Center at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf were given a 100-item final examination in which six items appeared in both a true-false and a multiple-choice version. Results of this investigation indicate that item format alone may be a factor affecting the performance of deaf students and that different conclusions may be possible concerning specific course objectives mastered. A need for more research in this important area is indicated.

Item 1005-C ; "December 1980." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

ABSTRACTRecent research suggests that the sales rate of a product would increase immediately after a seller posts a "scarcity message" to alert potential consumers that there are only a few units left in inventory. Knowing this effect, should an online seller post scarcity messages? In this technical note, we develop and analyze a variant of the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model to capture this effect in an environment involving the sale of slow moving items. Our result suggests that, in general, posting scarcity messages is beneficial only for products with high or low retail margins. Scarcity messages will not be beneficial for products with moderate retail margins because the resulting extra ordering/inventory cost per unit of time outweighs the resulting extra gross profit per unit of time for these products.

This study aimed to determine the constructs and to develop measurement model of innovative instructional leadership for polytechnics system in Malaysia. This study has utilized a model development approach as its research design. In the earlier stage, a Modified Delphi technique was used to gather initial data regarding innovative instructional leadership. Eleven experts were selected based on their expertise and experience. They confirmed 3 constructs of innovative instructional leadership for the polytechnics system. Stratified random sampling was used in this study to select the respondents. A new instrument was developed which consisted of 3 constructs and 12 items and distributed to the respondents in the selected polytechnics to determine the innovative instructional leadership of the polytechnic administrators. Empirical data collected were analyses using descriptive and inferential statistics that included confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that lecturers at the polytechnics did not agree that their administrators possess the innovative instructional leadership and also found that the administrators of the polytechnics have moderate level of innovative instructional leadership for most of the constructs. Based on confirmatory factor analysis, it was found that only 12 items out of 20 items that are important to the innovative instructional leadership in the polytechnics system in Malaysia. It is hoped that the results of this study could assist the top management in polytechnics to spearhead the direction and leadership of the polytechnics towards a more creative and innovative system in line with the government's desire to transform the polytechnic system to becoming a preferred choice of higher education institution. Keywords: Technical and Vocational Educational Training (TVET), innovative instructional leadership, measurement model, Modified Delphi Technique, Malaysia.

Students in global service-learning and similar programs frequently encounter substantial social, cultural, political, and ethical differences when working with project partners in different countries and regions. Neglecting such differences can lead to project failures and/or disempowered communities. In response to these challenges, educational resources have been developed to teach students to think about how the people, social structures, and other contextual factors associated with projects can affect, and be affected by, students' designs. Yet, there remains a scarcity of valid and reliable instruments to evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions. The purpose of this study is create a theoretically and empirically grounded instrument, the Energy Conversion Playground (ECP) design task, that is able to provide a meaningful and robust assessment of an individual's ability to identify salient technical and non-technical considerations when approaching an engineering design task situated in a developing country context. We present the scenario and an accompanying rubric that was first developed inductively from student responses to the scenario (specifically 449 discrete items from 93 ECP design tasks submitted by students who attended a Global Engineering Design Symposium). Further development of the rubric involved deductive grounding in relevant literature. To demonstrate the sensitivity of ECP design task to changes in students' thinking, we also performed comparative analysis of responses from a subset of the students (n=37) who completed the same instrument both before and after participating in the GEDS.

In military aviation, Technical Publications (TP) are fundamental for the establishment of a maintenance strategy and provisioning of information support and maintenance services. They are also under the supervision of military authorities. For complex technical systems such as aircraft, technical publications often contain essential information such as indenture levels, repair and replacement instructions, spare part information, configuration information, required tools and item-related maintenance information. The manufacturer is faced with the challenge of coordinating the production of the complete TP-package. Authors and illustrators must write, draw and supply meta-data to every piece of information. They must do so according to detailed specifications (e.g. ASD S1000D) and writing guides. There is also complex cross-reference handling within the TP-package to consider, e.g. from maintenance instructions to illustrated parts catalogues. Cross-references exist within the content in the same publication, to other publications and/or to external information sources, e.g. databases. The information contained in the final TP-package is equivalent to, literally, tens of thousands of A4-pages. Paper-based deliveries, when occurring, are in themselves a logistic feat. The need for context-based adaptation of this complex information content to different actors' requirements is also challenging and need to be considered when establishing an efficient information logistic solution for provision of TP. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of some of the challenges and issues for establishing development and provisioning of Interactive Electronic Technical Publications (IETP[1]). Some important aspects and requirements on integration of IETP for both provider and user are also highlighted. The scope of the overview is restricted to an eMaintenance context related to military aviation. ; Godkänd; 2010; 20100506 (raka)

P. 16-30 ; This paper shows the lack of standard procedures to audit e-voting systems and also describes a practical process of auditing an e-voting experience based on a Direct-recording Electronic system (D.R.E). This system has been tested in a real situation, in the city council of Coahuila, Mexico, in November 2008. During the auditing, several things were kept in mind, in particular those critical in complex contexts, as democratic election processes are. The auditing process is divided into three main complementary stages: analysis of voting protocol, analysis of polling station hardware elements, and analysis of the software involved. Each stage contains several items which have to be analyzed at low level with the aim to detect and resolve possible security problems ; SI

ABSTRACTThis paper defines and operationalizes eight ERP competence constructs. We define ERP competence as a portfolio of managerial, technical and organizational skills and expertise posited as antecedents to improved business performance occurring after an ERP system is operational and functionally stable. To improve responses to changes in markets and products, manufacturers are increasingly adopting ERP systems. However, anecdotal accounts indicate that the realization of ERP's potential benefits is rare. Because of its pervasive influence on manufacturing and business performance, the need for scientifically developed and tested multi‐item scales pertaining to ERP competence is highly relevant to manufacturing strategy research. We follow a two‐stage normative process of scale development. First, we identify a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be associated with successful ERP adoption. Each construct is then operationalized as a multi‐item measurement scale by applying a manual item sorting technique iteratively to independent panels of expert judges until tentative reliability and validity is established. Second, we further refine and validate the multi‐item scales using survey data from 79 North American manufacturing users of ERP systems.

This study examined the item difficulty levels of WAEC, NECO and NABTEB Mathematics Achievement Examinations and compared same to ascertain the order of difficulty levels of mathematics achievement tests being constructed by these three examination bodies in Nigeria.Three homogenous groups of 200 students each were randomly selected from the Government Technical Colleges and the Senior Secondary Schools that were randomly selected from Ondo, Ekiti and Osun States of the South West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. The instrument consisted of adopted WASSCE, NECO and NABTEB Mathematics Examinations. Four hypotheses were raised and tested at P=0.05 and the results showed that three was no significant difference in the item difficulty levels of WAEC, NECO and NABTEB mathematics achievement examinations. Hence, it was recommended that none of this examination should be seen as being lower in standard than the other and there should be no discrimination in the recognition of WAEC, NECO and NABTEB certificates. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n2p761