Suchergebnisse

While scholars often portray Chinese political thought and tradition as standing in opposition to Western notions of political liberalism, little consideration has been given to compatibility between liberalism and Daoism, a prominent religion and long-standing alternative school of thought among Chinese peoples. Addressing this gap in the literature, this study in comparative political thought compares Laozi's Dao De Jing with John Stuart Mill's On Liberty to illustrate certain core political ideas in the Dao De Jing and their treatment in Mill's landmark text on political liberalism. Although the two texts diverge in terms of advocacy of popular representation, public contestation, and legal rights, both reject authoritarianism, uniformity, patriarchy, censorship, harm, violence, and wastefulness. A reasonable interpretation of these affinities is that a unique, indigenous, and non-Western model of liberalism existed in China via Laozi's thought for centuries before the advent of modern Western liberalism.

Abstract
The birth of the "Solidarity" Independent Self-governing Trade Union in 1980 was accompanied by a strong revisionist movement. The Polish society expected punishment for the previous administration, led by Edward Gierek, as it was their policy up to that point that resulted with enormous external debt and ubiquitous shortages of consumer goods. A lot was said about wastefulness, corruption and professional negligence, both in the state administration and in the managements of Polish companies. And these opinions were somehow justified, as evidenced by the results of audits performed by the Supreme Audit Office (Najwyższa Izba Kontroli, NIK) in the years 1976–1980. Information recorded in the audit documentation was in line with the social attitudes. Due to formal and legal conditions back then, NIK auditors could not inspect the most important companies, however they managed to prove that the scale of illegal actions committed by directors and managers was large and increased year by year.

Racial difference underpinned the existence of the New Zealand colonial state. Frantz Fanon suggests that colonial societies are by nature 'Manichaean', founded on the division of the colonizer and colonized and on 'belonging to or not belonging to a given race, a given species'. Fanon's comment implies that more than just skin colour or cultural difference separates the colonizer and colonized - rather, that the two groups are deemed to be different according to nature. Indeed, assumptions about 'natural' racial divisions were prevalent in the colonial New Zealand press: for example, the British were said to possess an 'innate governing capacity' and 'Imperial genius'. In contrast, newspaper contributors asserted that the inherent character of the Māori lent itself, at times, to violence, mendacity, suspicion, avarice, wastefulness, indolence, barbarism and cunning, although it was possible for the 'innate ferocity of character [of the Māori]...[to] be worn down by contact with our matured civilization'.

Abstract
The prevailing stance in Jewish orthodoxy is that environmental issues are extra-legal and not under the purview of halakhah (Jewish law). While considered important, environmental protection falls only under "midat haḥasidut" (extraordinary piety). This ultimately translates into environmental protection being treated as non-obligatory and only under the purview of righteous behavior rather than obligation. This has created a significant barrier to halakhically driven environmental decision-making. I argue that this worldview emerges from the process of conceptualizing the prohibition of bal tashḥit—"waste not," the prohibition against wastefulness originating in Deuteronomy 20:19. This verse gave rise to two worldviews: one which was prioritized of not destroying the environment out of compassion for the non-human world, and another marginalized worldview that emphasized a self-concerned environmentalism which equates harm to the environment as self-harm. Privileging this latter worldview creates a pathway to advance Jewish legal discourse and align it with mainstream environmentalism.

Tax compliance is an important indicator for the proper functioning of the tax authority, influencing the budget revenue level. In this study, a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) analysis was developed to identify the long-term relationships between the compliance in individual income taxation (taxpayer's behavior), public trust in politicians (trust in authorities), and rule of law (power of the authorities), using unbalanced panel data for the European Union (EU28) during the 2007–2017 period. The results underline the causality of the long-run relationships between the variables. The results of the VECM analysis underline the need for various support measures for voluntary tax compliance, with the trust variable having an important impact on tax compliance. In addition, a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis was employed using an improved data set with variables such as the compliance in corporation taxation (taxpayer's behavior), wastefulness of government spending, and quality of the education system. The results of the SEM analysis underline the positive and significant influences of the variables on tax compliance.

Comunicação apresentada na 4th Annual ICPA - International Conference on Public Administration "Building bridges to the future: leadership and collaboration in public administration", na Universidade de Minnesota nos Estados Unidos, de 24 a 26 de setembro de 2008 ; Bureaucracy is nowadays often considered a synonymous of inefficiency, ineffectiveness, impersonality, stiffness, uselessness, wastefulness and even corruption. Nevertheless, it is true that bureaucracy is an essential structure for the implementation of public policies. Authors like Mozzicafreddo, Peters, Aberbach, Chevalier, and others, consider that relations between public officials (permanently appointed) and politicians (elected for a limited time) are formally "crystal", but in practice, reality has proven to be more complex. Top public officials are in a hybrid place some elsewhere between political and administrative spheres, which reanimates the long-lasting discussion on how senior civil servants should be selected. This paper intends to contribute to a more clarified discussion on how top officials hybrid management models can, or not, be a good practice, taking into consideration different case studies on administrative culture.

The relationship between African universities and their governments tends to be strained, whether these governments are political or military. Those in power often have little experience of higher education or understanding of its needs and there is little consensus about its goals. Political and economic insecurity provides little opportunity for "ivory tower theorizing"; low wages and inadequate resources are a poor basis for the research which needs to be done. Governments provide declining support and want a lot for their money. Universities are expected to become partly self-supporting through research contracts and charges to students, and teaching "relevant" subjects is supposed to prepare students for real jobs (which are often a future hope rather than a present reality). As beneficiaries of government cash, staff and students should not criticize or challenge government interests. Much is said about the benefits of science and engineering courses and of the wastefulness of humanities courses, ignoring the fact that governments are usually run by people with arts rather than science degrees.

The relationship between African universities and their governments tends to be strained, whether these governments are political or military. Those in power often have little experience of higher education or understanding of its needs and there is little consensus about its goals. Political and economic insecurity provides little opportunity for "ivory tower theorizing"; low wages and inadequate resources are a poor basis for the research which needs to be done. Governments provide declining support and want a lot for their money. Universities are expected to become partly self-supporting through research contracts and charges to students, and teaching "relevant" subjects is supposed to prepare students for real jobs (which are often a future hope rather than a present reality). As beneficiaries of government cash, staff and students should not criticize or challenge government interests. Much is said about the benefits of science and engineering courses and of the wastefulness of humanities courses, ignoring the fact that governments are usually run by people with arts rather than science degrees.

Increasing attention has been paid to social media influencers and their self-branding strategies; yet, a perspective that specifically focuses on such practices in terms of social status has still to be fully developed. This paper analyses how Instagram micro-influencers use self-branding practices as ways to construct and display social status and, secondly, contributes to shed light on the contemporary changes in status gaining and signalling. Moving from Veblen's theory of conspicuous consumption, I contend that conspicuousness represents the main cultural logic underpinning micro-influencers' practises, and it's characterised by a productive display of consumption. Departing from Veblen's theorisation, the display is not an expression of wastefulness, but a productive element in the construction of social status. Employing a methodological approach comprising digital methods and qualitative interviews, the research shows how the logic of conspicuousness unfolds and becomes productive through consumption practices characterised by accumulation, access, and circularity. Furthermore, the results highlight how micro-influencers follow the logic of conspicuousness to construct social status by seeking exclusivity or negotiating belongingness.

The article examines the major events of the two previous centuries of international relations through main concepts of political realism. The author argues that in order to understand the present dilemmas and challenges of international politics, we need to know the past. Every current major global problem has historical antecedents. History from the late 19th century constitutes the empirical foundation of much theoretical scholarship on international politics. The breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the outbreak of the devastating global conflagration of World War I are the events that sparked the modern study of international relations. The great war of 1914 to 1918 underlined the tragic wastefulness of the institution of war. It caused scholars to confront one of the most enduring puzzles of the study of international relations, why humans continue to resort to this self-destructive method of conflict resolution? The article shows that the main explanation is the anarchical system of international relations. It produces security dilemma, incentives to free ride and uncertainty of intentions among great powers making war a rational tool to secure their national interests.

Los recursos hídricos caracterizados por su escasez y desabasto suponen la emergencia de comportamientos de ahorro de agua que contrastan con las creencias de abundancia a las cuales se asocian conductas de derroche. Tales relaciones se intensifican a medida que las organizaciones civiles gestionan su distribución, ya que en vez de gestarse una cultura de conservación, se desarrolla una identidad de dispendio. Este ejercicio de exponer y discutir las dimensiones de gobernanza de los recursos hídricos pretende anticipar el futuro de la gestión del agua y sus formas imponderables de sustentabilidad.
GOVERNANCE-RELATED DIMENSIONS FOR WATER SUSTAINABILITY
Water resources, which are characterized by scarcity and depletion, assume the emergence of water-saving behaviors that contrast with beliefs that water is abundant which are associated with wasteful behaviors. Such relationships intensify as civic associations negotiate the distribution of water since rather than generating a culture of conservation, an identity of wastefulness develops. This exercise of expounding and discussing governance-related dimensions of water resources is an attempt to anticipate the future of water management and its imponderable forms of sustainability

AbstractAn analysis of Great Britain's campaigns to recycle books and paper reveals the paradoxes of wartime waste policies: destroying history and culture for the sake of reusing materials, and the impact of recycling on the war machinery's own wastefulness. Conscious of systematic recycling in Nazi Germany and its own dependence on imports, the British government established a salvage department only weeks after the outbreak of war. Beginning in 1940, this department required all large towns to collect recyclable materials. Salvage, beyond lessening shortages, served ideological and psychological aims, because reused materials were turned into weapons. This led to a critical redefinition of recycling as the war progressed. People who previously characterised the Third Reich's recycling programmes as typical fascist control now considered compulsory recycling in Great Britain wholly positive. However, protesters claimed the government was causing irreparable harm by salvaging items whose value far exceeded their worth as scrap. The harvesting of books, periodicals and manuscripts as 'waste' paper proved particularly contentious, with some arguing that their own government was adding to the destruction that bombs were causing to Great Britain's cultural inheritance.

DISTASTE FOR THE MILITARY MIND IS A NATURAL PROPENSITY OF THE CIVILIZED & EDUCATED NURTURED IN THE JUDAEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION. 2 CONTRASTING MYTHOLOGIES OF MILITARY EXPENDITURE IN CAPITALIST ECONOMIES PROVIDE PSEUDO-SCIENTIFIC COMFORT TO THOSE COMMITTED TO AN ANTIMILITARY POLITICAL STANCE. ONE IS THE MARXIST MYTHOLOGY OF MILITARISM-IMPERIALISM. THE OTHER IS THE "LIBERAL" POSITION THAT SEEKS TO AVOID RECOGNIZING WAR AS AN INEVITABLE CONTINGENCY SO LONG AS THERE ARE SEPARATE NATIONS BY POINTING TO THE WASTEFULNESS OF MILITARY EXPENDITURES BY CONTRAST WITH A GLOBALLY GOVERNED HUMAN SOCIETY IN WHICH WAR COULD NOT OCCUR. THE LATTER MYTHOLOGY IS ESPOUSED BY S. MELMAN, IN "TWELVE PROPOSITIONS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND WAR ECONOMY," ARMED FORCES & SOCIETY, 1975, 1, 4, SUM, 490-497. 3 GENERAL REMARKS ABOUT DEFENSE SPENDING PRECEDE A CRITICISM OF MELMAN. 1ST, ALTHOUGH DEFENSE EXPENDITURES WASTE CURRENT RESOURCES, WAR HAS HAD AN IMPORTANT SIDE-EFFECT IN ACCELERATING TECHNICAL CHANGE. 2ND, POLITICAL PRESSURES CREATE A TENDENCY TO FINANCE DEFENSE EXPENDITURES BY INFLATION. 3RD, ALTHOUGH MILITARY EXPENDITURE IS FREQUENTLY BLAMED FOR THE ERODING COMPETITIVENESS OF US INDUSTRY, THE 2 ARE UNRELATED. MELMAN'S PROPOSITIONS ARE THEN EXAMINED & REJECTED AS RESTING ENTIRELY ON ECONOMIC FALLACIES & LOGICAL ERRORS. AA.

History, philosophy, and issues: Berg, I. Worker discontent, humanistic management, and repetitious history. Strauss, G. Is there a blue-collar revolt against work? Bluestone, I. Worker participation in decision making. Wallick, F. Work with dignity. Fein, M. The myth of job enrichment. Raskin, M. Thinking about technology--subjectively, objectively. Maccoby, M. Who creates new technology and why? Gartner, A. and Riessman, F. The culture of the service society: the value explosion of the sixties.--Some specifics: Schrank, R. On ending worker alienation: the Gaines Pet Food Plant. Kreman, B. Search for a better way of work: Lordstown, Ohio. Russell, J. Part-time employment: ideal work life? Peabody, M. A. Fifteen years at a defense plant. McAteer, J. D. There are no drinking fountains down here. Ross, M. H. Life-style of the coal miner: America's first hard-hat. Walsh, E. Garbage collecting: stigmatized work and self-esteem. Kleeman, W. Humanizing offices by participatory design.--New directions: Howe, L. K. Women in the workplace. Auerbach-Fink, S. Child care at the workplace. Schonberger, R. J. Toward a greater flexibility. Schrank, R. For a worker-exchange program. Radest, H. B. The virtues of wastefulness : possibility or myth?

In this article, we explore the complex phenomena behind why people "hold on" to disused connected devices, focusing especially on differences between "traditional" smartphones and computers, and newer categories of smart home devices, wearables, and single-function Internet of Things (IoT) devices. We investigate why and in what contexts different categories of connected devices become disused by their owners; what owners value about their disused devices; and what they perceive to be the barriers to adopting circular practices, for example, by fixing, recycling, or reusing them. Our contribution is to provide a descriptive account of how functional, sentimental, and other values associated with devices shape owners' perceptions and attitudes toward their "end of life," for an expanded range of connected products. By highlighting how perceptions of concepts including convenience, ownership, and wastefulness mediate how owners approach the "end of life" of a device, we map the barriers for device owners to engage in more circular practices and highlight opportunities to address them through design. Our study replicates previous findings in the domain, as well as extending them, contributing to how the design of modern IoT devices leads to new barriers, opportunities, and considerations for more circular design.