Suchergebnisse

A research paper on irrigation and water development in Zimbabwe. ; In tropical and sub-tropical regions water is a highly variable natural resource subject to seasonal as well as long-term climatic changes. In Zimbabwe rainfall is the single most important climatic factor affecting crop production. The struggle for access to and use of water resources is regarded as the second most important conflict after land (Matiza-Chiuta, 2000). Smallholder irrigation has always had a political dimension as it embodies land and water, two of the most contentious issues in Zimbabwean history (Rukuni, 1984). Water access tensions are omnipresent between smallholders, large-scale farmers and users. " The problems in the water sector include: competition for a scarce and finite resource between and among large-scale and smallholder farmers; poor water resource management; declining quality of the limited resource; disappearance of expensive irrigation infrastructure during the land transfers; competition for state-generated finance; lack of a common policy or benchmark by which to judge actions in the sector; a narrow band of stakeholder involvement in the sector; too little coordination; and recurrent drought. ; The WK Kellogg Foundation.

This book covers a wide spectrum of water resources management, including water supply and demand, operation and maintenance of water distribution systems, water quality assessment, impacts of climate change on hydrological extremes, and water governance. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are the major factors contributing to a significant rise in water demands across all the sectors in India. Although the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall contributes primarily to the available surface and groundwater resources, recurrent non-uniform/erratic rainfall events have resulted in widespread water scarcity. On many occasions, extreme meteorological conditions trigger the severity of water-related disasters such as floods and droughts. The untreated wastewater from domestic and industrial sources discharged through un-engineered means, adds to the issue as it ends up polluting the surface and groundwater resources. .

Chapter 1. Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and animal by-product -- Chapter 2. Application of Synthesized Nano-cellulose Material for Removal of Malachite Green from Waste Water -- Chapter 3. Status of Sewage Treatment in Bihar and needs for Improvement -- Chapter 4. Effluent Water Treatment: A Potential Way Out towards Conservation of Fresh Water in India -- Chapter 5. Development of an Effective and Efficient Integrated Charcoal Filter Constructed Wetland System for Wastewater Treatment -- Chapter 6. A Consolidated Stratagem towards Defenestration of Coke Oven Wastewater Using Various Advanced Techniques - An Analogous Study -- Chapter 7. Studies on Lead removal from Simulated Waste Water in Packed Bed Bioreactor Using Attached Growth Technique -- Chapter 8. Sustainable Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus Vannamei through Waste Water Recycling -- Chapter 9. Reuse of Washing Machine Effluent using Constructed Wetland: The Circular Economy of Sanitation -- Chapter 10. Removal of Methyelene Blue Dye by using Lemon Leaf Powder as a Adsorbent -- Chapter 11. Development of a Low-Cost Column Type Filter Based on Agricultural Waste for Removal of Fluoride from Water -- Chapter 12. Oxidative Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue in Waste Water -- Chapter 13. Bio remediation of Textile Azo Dyes by Marine Streptomyces -- Chapter 14. Use of Sewage to Restore Manmade Waterbodies – Nutrient and Energy Flow Regulation Approaches to Enabling Sustainability -- Chapter 15. Two Stage Passive High Throughput Sustainable Sewage Treatment Process: Lab Study and Future Scope.

Summarization: Rural water management is a basic requirement for the development of the primary sector and involves the exploitation of surface/ground-water resources. Rational management requires the study of parameters that determine their exploitation mainly environmental, economic and social. These parameters reflect the influence of irrigation on the aquifer behaviour and on the level-streamflow of nearby rivers as well as on the profit from the farming activity for the farmers' welfare. The question of rural water management belongs to the socio-political problems, since the factors involved are closely related to user behaviour and state position. By applying Game Theory one seeks to simulate the behaviour of the system 'surface/ground-water resources to water-users' with a model based on a well-known game, "The Prisoner's Dilemma" for economic development of the farmers without overexploitation of the water resources. This is a game of two players that have been extensively studied in Game Theory, economy and politics because it can describe real-world cases. The present proposal aims to investigate the rural water management issue that is referred to two competitive small partnerships organised to manage their agricultural production and to achieve a better profit. For the farmers' activities water is required and ground-water is generally preferable because consists a more stable recourse than river-water which in most of the cases in Greece are of intermittent flow. If the two farmer groups cooperate and exploit the agreed water quantities they will gain equal profits and benefit from the sustainable availability of the water recourses (p). If both groups overexploitate the resource to maximize profit, then in the medium-term they will incur a loss (g), due to the water resources reduction and the increase of the pumping costs. If one overexploit the resource while the other use the necessary required, then the first will gain great benefit (P), and the second will suffer a significant loss (G). ...

This article traces the history of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in South Africa since the 1970s. It examines IWRM according to its three common pillars, which are also reflected in South Africa's National Water Act: economic efficiency, environmental sustainability, and equity. The article highlights how the principles of economic efficiency and the environment as a user in its own right emerged under apartheid, while equity was only included in the post-1994 water policies, with evolving influence on the other two principles. In 2013, the Department of Water Affairs overcame the widely documented flaws of IWRM by adopting developmental water management as its water resource management approach, aligning with the political and socio-economic goals of South Africa's democratic developmental state.