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Inadequate land management and agricultural activities have largely resulted in land degradation in Burkina Faso. The nationwide governmental and institutional driven implementation and adoption of soil and water conservation measures (SWCM) since the early 1960s, however, is expected to successively slow down the degradation process and to increase the agricultural output. Even though relevant measures have been taken, only a few studies have been conducted to quantify their effect, for instance, on soil erosion and environmental restoration. In addition, a comprehensive summary of initiatives, implementation strategies, and eventually region-specific requirements for adopting different SWCM is missing. The present study therefore aims to review the different SWCM in Burkina Faso and implementation programs, as well as to provide information on their effects on environmental restoration and agricultural productivity. This was achieved by considering over 143 studies focusing on Burkina Faso&rsquo ; s experience and research progress in areas of SWCM and soil erosion. SWCM in Burkina Faso have largely resulted in an increase in agricultural productivity and improvement in food security. Finally, this study aims at supporting the country&rsquo ; s informed decision-making for extending already existing SWCM and for deriving further implementation strategies.

Preserving environmental functions particularly water resources conservation is a shared task between government and public to achieve environmental sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of Kuningan government policy in conserving water resources. This study uses empirical juridical method with descriptive analysis. The data collection of primary data is done by observation, interviews with related institutions while secondary data are in the form of legislation and legal theories. This research takes place in Kuningan regency, West Java province. The data are analyzed to examine the effectiveness of Kuningan Government policies in water resource conservation. The results reveal that District Regulation Number 12 Year 2007 on Water Resources Conservation and Kuningan District Regulation Number 12 Year 2011 on the Implementation of Kuningan Botanical Gardens along with other related Regulations and Government policies in Kuningan Regency have been effectively implemented. It can be seen from the sufficiently given regulations as well as community participation.Keywords: effectiveness, policy, water conservation

This paper is concerned with agri-environmental policy in Germany and focuses in particular on soil and water conservation. At first it discusses to what extent agriculture contributes to erosion and the pollution of surface waters and groundwater with nutrients and pesticides. Whereas erosion is a minor problem in Germany water pollution due to modern and intensive agriculture is of major concern. In theory, a broad range of environmental policy instruments exists. In practice, agri-environmental policy in Germany is dominated by command-and-control-measures, whereas incentivebased measures are of minor importance. In this paper recent developments of the most important legal and institutional settings concerning soil and water conservation policies are surveyed with special emphasis on the Federal Water Act and the Implementation of the EU Nitrate Directive into German legislation by the Fertilizer Ordinance. Since the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU heavily affects farm structure, production intensity and regional specialization in agriculture, agri-environmental issues cannot be discussed without taking into account agricultural policy. Hence, the paper argues, that for different reasons the CAP is likely to become more environmentally friendly in future. Furthermore, impacts of alternative water conservation policies are investigated by using a regionalized agricultural sector model. Information obtained by the model analysis cover the development of nitrogen balances, potential nitrate concentrations in the soil percolation water, potentially resulting costs and effects on the agricultural incomes in the former FRG on the county level. ; Im ersten Teil dieses Beitrages über Agrarumweltpolitik in Deutschland im Bereich des Bodenund Gewässerschutzes wird ein Überblick über den landwirtschaftlich bedingten Bodenabtrag und die Belastung von Oberflächengewässern und Grundwasser mit Nährstoffen und Pflanzenschutzmitteln gegeben. Während Erosion in Deutschland von geringer Relevanz ist, kommt der durch eine moderne und intensiv betriebene Landwirtschaft verursachten Gewässerverschmutzung eine erheblich größere Bedeutung zu. In der umweltökonomischen Theorie existiert eine Reihe von umweltpolitischen Instrumenten. In der Praxis wird die Umweltpolitik in Deutschland von Ge- und Verboten geprägt, während anreizorientierte Maßnahmen nur selten eingesetzt werden. Der Artikel untersucht die wichtigsten rechtlichen und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen im Bereich der Boden- und Gewässerschutzpolitik, wobei das Schwergewicht auf dem Wasserhaushaltsgesetz und der Düngeverordnung liegt, mit der die EU-Nitratrichtlinie in deutsches Recht umgesetzt wird. Da die Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik der EU (GAP) die Betriebsstruktur, Produktionsintensität und die regionale Spezialisierung der Landwirtschaft beeinflußt, können Agrarumweltfragen nicht diskutiert werden, ohne die Agrarpolitik zu berücksichtigen. Aus verschiedenen Gründen ist es wahrscheinlich, daß die GAP in Zukunft etwas umweltfreundlicher gestaltet wird. Mit Hilfe eines regionalisierten Agrarsektormodells werden die Auswirkungen alternativer Grundwasserschutzstrategien analysiert. Die Modellergebnisse erlauben für die alten Bundesländer Deutschlands auf der Ebene der Landkreise Aussagen über die Entwicklung von Stickstoffbilanzen, potentiellen Nitratkonzentrationen im neugebildeten Grundwasser, hierdurch potentiell hervorgerufene Kosten und Auswirkungen auf die Einkommen in der Landwirtschaft.

Large-scale land cultivation practices for agriculture which disregard conservation principles are resulting in land degradation problems in tropical regions. The differences of environmental condition become the main concern for determining proper strategies to overcome this problem. The present study aimed to evaluate the application of land and water conservation (LWC) practices in tropical agricultural watersheds. The conservation practices (in the form of regreening bare areas and construction of LWC structures i.e. small-scale dam, terrace and stone weir) were performed in a partnership scheme involving government, higher education institution, local inhabitant and private party. The result showed that the partnership approach made conservation activities possible in a shorter time and a lower risk of failure. Economically, it reduced the unit cost of the conservation structures construction up to 70%. We also assessed the dam performance for LWC purpose. The assessment indicated the dam can effectively increase soil water storage and control the river sedimentation. The use of local resources (community and materials for conservation structures) enabled the sustainable of LWC practices on a watershed scale.

Water - a basic element of life, livelihood, food security and sustainable development - holds the key to global sustainability. The global water demand has been increased 3-fold in the past five decades and only 0.4% of the total world's fresh water resources is available and accessible for use. The United Nations projected that half of all countries will face water scarcity by 2025 and more than one-third of the world's population could be affected by water stress by 2050. The water problem is rapidly intensifying in the Asian region, and around 700 million people do not have access to safe drinking water. Similarly, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, by 2050, more than one billion people in Asia alone are projected to experience negative impacts on water resources as a result of climate change. Climate change is also putting extra pressure on and adversely affecting the global water cycle, leading to irregular precipitation, more floods and droughts and creating an imbalance between water supply and demand. The availability of safe water is a major global concern due to the rapidly increasing population, urbanization, unsustainable consumption patterns, and rapid shifts in land use. It is believed that reduced access to freshwater will have cascading consequences that will pose threat to global food security, livelihood security, and cause large scale migration and economic and geopolitical tensions. As such, strategies for water conservation, wastewater reuse and recycling should be adopted in order to lessen the gap between supply and demand for water for different activities. This book provides readers with a better understanding of the water security challenges, and presents innovations to address these challenges, strengthen the science-policy interface, and develop institutional and human capacities for water security and sustainability

Wasser ist eine der wichtigsten Ressourcen. Jedoch schätzt man, dass sich das globale Wasserdefizit schon im Jahr 2030 auf ca. 40 Prozent belaufen wird. Klimawandel, veränderte Lebensweisen, und Bevölkerungswachstum verstärken das Nachfrage-Angebot-Defizit. Als Konsequenz leiden immer mehr Regionen unter Wasserknappheit. Eine reduzierte Wassernachfrage bedingt durch verstärktes Wassersparen kann das Problem verringern. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es daher, zu einem besseren Verständnis der sozio-demographischen und psychologischen Determinanten von Wassersparverhalten beizutragen. Basierend auf drei Datensätzen aus Deutschland und Jordanien wurden die verschiedenen Facetten von Wassersparverhalten und deren Determinanten beleuchtet. Das Verhältnis zwischen Wassersparen und Umwelteinstellung, einem latenten Konstrukt, das kooperative, prosoziale und sogar moralische Tendenzen widerspiegelt, wurde konzeptionell untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde Wassersparen in Deutschland als ein Repräsentant für moralisches Verhalten verwendet. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden Umwelteinstellung und der Persönlichkeitsfaktor Ehrlichkeit-Bescheidenheit auf ihr Vermögen hin verglichen, moralisches Verhalten vorherzusehen. Eine ausführliche Analyse zur Bewertung einer Kampagne zur Förderung des Wassersparbewusstseins hat detaillierte Informationen zu ihren tatsächlichen Effekten gezeigt. Eine weitere Analyse hat sich auf die Determinanten von Wassersparverhalten in Jordanien konzentriert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Wassersparverhalten nicht durch Alter, Bildungsgrad und Einkommen beeinflusst wird, sondern eher durch die Ausprägung der Umwelteinstellung. Diese Dissertation liefert wertvolle Informationen für Forscher und Politiker. Die detaillierte Untersuchung von verschiedenen Wasserspardeterminanten birgt großes Potenzial für ein verbessertes Wassermanagement. ; Water is one of the most important resources. However, the global water deficit was estimated to reach about 40% by 2030. Climate change, changing lifestyles, and population growth increase the supply and demand gap further. As a consequence, more and more regions experience water scarcity. In that context, reduced household water demand due to enhanced water conservation could alleviate the problem or, at least, reduce the pressure on water resources. Thus, this thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the socio-demographic and psychological determinants of water conservation behavior. Based on three distinct datasets from Germany and Jordan, the manifold facets of water conservation and its determinants were examined. From a conceptual perspective, the relationship between water conservation and environmental attitude, a latent construct representing cooperative, prosocial, and even moral tendencies, were investigated. Furthermore, water conservation in Germany was used as a proxy for moral behavior. In that respect, environmental attitude and the personality factor Honesty-Humility were compared in order to determine, which factor constitutes the better predictor of moral behavior. Using original data from Jordan, a comprehensive impact evaluation of a water conservation awareness campaign revealed detailed information on its actual effects. Another analysis focused on a wide variety of water conservation determinants in Jordan. The results indicate that water conservation does not differ with respect to age, education, and income, but rather with different levels of environmental attitude. This thesis provides valuable information for researchers and policy makers alike. The detailed examination of various water conservation determinants offer a great potential for an improved management of household water demand.

The global problem of water resource constraints is pertinent to the UK and particularly acute in the south and east of England. A greater emphasis is being placed on water demand management in the UK, with a need to find a balance among social, environmental, economic and political goals. Putting a price on water is conceptually straightforward but often challenging in implementation. As water bills are typically small relative to household income in the UK, expenditure-led incentives may be insufficient, and so it is important that attitudeled behavioural interventions are also considered for conservation purposes. There is increased penetration of water meters in the UK and there is evidence that metering in itself leads to greater awareness of water use. Development and introduction of conservationoriented tariffs and behavioural interventions to manage demand have been modest compared to in some other locations. Also, there is a lack of evidence of how tariff signals and behavioural signals interact in the UK. This report reviews international experience of price and non-price approaches to manage residential water demand, with a focus on drawing insights regarding the effectiveness of Increasing Block Tariffs and information-based behavioural interventions. It then offers some insights on the extent to which lessons from elsewhere may be transferable to the UK context.

Inadequate land management and agricultural activities have largely resulted in land degradation in Burkina Faso. The nationwide governmental and institutional driven implementation and adoption of soil and water conservation measures (SWCM) since the early 1960s, however, is expected to successively slow down the degradation process and to increase the agricultural output. Even though relevant measures have been taken, only a few studies have been conducted to quantify their effect, for instance, on soil erosion and environmental restoration. In addition, a comprehensive summary of initiatives, implementation strategies, and eventually region-specific requirements for adopting different SWCM is missing. The present study therefore aims to review the different SWCM in Burkina Faso and implementation programs, as well as to provide information on their effects on environmental restoration and agricultural productivity. This was achieved by considering over 143 studies focusing on Burkina Faso's experience and research progress in areas of SWCM and soil erosion. SWCM in Burkina Faso have largely resulted in an increase in agricultural productivity and improvement in food security. Finally, this study aims at supporting the country's informed decision-making for extending already existing SWCM and for deriving further implementation strategies.

Water is the most important natural resources and is vital for the agriculture and economical development. In Maharashtra state, nearly 82% area of state depends on rainfall and 50% area is drought prone, uncertain, insufficient and irregular rainfall pattern adversely affects agriculture. Drought occur frequently resulting shortage of water for drinking and irrigation. Rainfall is the important source in agricultural activities. Watershed management is one of the very important program that Government of Maharashtra has decided to implement with a view to fulfill the need of the people in rural. To develop agriculture from water resource development and to solve serious drinking water problem is the need of the time. Hence, to solve these problems, different treatments adopted such as area treatment and drainage line treatment. Earthen Nala Bund is a drainage line treatment. Due to construction of ENB, water gets stored. It will percolate water which will increase surrounding water level in wells and bore well.

Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determining whether the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board maintains and reports reliable financial and program data, safeguards its assets and uses them efficiently, makes progress toward its goals and objectives, and complies with applicable laws and regulations.