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The impact of economic fluctuations on the total unemployment rate is widely studied, however, with respect to age- and gender-specific unemployment, this relationship is not so well examined. We apply the gap version of Okun's law, aiming to estimate youth unemployment rate sensitivity to output deviations from its potential level. Additionally, we aim to compare whether men or women have a higher equilibrium unemployment rate when output is at the potential level. Contrary to most studies on age- and gender-specific Okun's coefficients, which assume that the effect of output on unemployment is homogenous, we allow a different effect to occur, depending on the output gap's sign (positive/negative). The focus of the analysis is on 28 EU countries over the period of 2000–2018. The model is estimated by least squares dummy variable estimator (LSDV), using Prais–Winsten standard errors. We did not find evidence that higher equilibrium unemployment rates are more typical for men or for women. The estimates clearly show the equilibrium level of youth unemployment to be well above that of total unemployment, and this conclusion holds for both genders. We assess greater youth unemployment sensitivity to negative output shock, rather than to positive output shock, but when we take confidence intervals into consideration, this conclusion becomes less obvious.

The impact of economic fluctuations on the total unemployment rate is widely studied, however, with respect to age- and gender-specific unemployment, this relationship is not so well examined. We apply the gap version of Okun&rsquo ; s law, aiming to estimate youth unemployment rate sensitivity to output deviations from its potential level. Additionally, we aim to compare whether men or women have a higher equilibrium unemployment rate when output is at the potential level. Contrary to most studies on age- and gender-specific Okun&rsquo ; s coefficients, which assume that the effect of output on unemployment is homogenous, we allow a different effect to occur, depending on the output gap&rsquo ; s sign (positive/negative). The focus of the analysis is on 28 EU countries over the period of 2000&ndash ; 2018. The model is estimated by least squares dummy variable estimator (LSDV), using Prais&ndash ; Winsten standard errors. We did not find evidence that higher equilibrium unemployment rates are more typical for men or for women. The estimates clearly show the equilibrium level of youth unemployment to be well above that of total unemployment, and this conclusion holds for both genders. We assess greater youth unemployment sensitivity to negative output shock, rather than to positive output shock, but when we take confidence intervals into consideration, this conclusion becomes less obvious.

The impact of economic fluctuations on the total unemployment rate is widely studied, however, with respect to age- and gender-specific unemployment, this relationship is not so well examined. We apply the gap version of Okun's law, aiming to estimate youth unemployment rate sensitivity to output deviations from its potential level. Additionally, we aim to compare whether men or women have a higher equilibrium unemployment rate when output is at the potential level. Contrary to most studies on age- and gender-specific Okun's coefficients, which assume that the effect of output on unemployment is homogenous, we allow a different effect to occur, depending on the output gap's sign (positive/negative). The focus of the analysis is on 28 EU countries over the period of 2000-2018. The model is estimated by least squares dummy variable estimator (LSDV), using Prais-Winsten standard errors. We did not find evidence that higher equilibrium unemployment rates are more typical for men or for women. The estimates clearly show the equilibrium level of youth unemployment to be well above that of total unemployment, and this conclusion holds for both genders. We assess greater youth unemployment sensitivity to negative output shock, rather than to positive output shock, but when we take confidence intervals into consideration, this conclusion becomes less obvious.

We use a decision theory framework to evaluate the extent to which crimes by youth are explained by the "economic model of crime." We expand the model from the usual formulation including deterrence effects to investigate the impact of earned income and income supplements on individuals' crime participation. Additionally, we evaluate variables representing the forces of moral compliance and family attitudes. We find that moral compliance has a moderating effect on the decision to commit crimes, even by persistently criminal individuals.

This book presents an original synthesis of the leading international research on children in conflict with the law, providing an evidence base for a rights-based justice system. Informed by international children's rights standards, this book presents relevant research findings in a clear, succinct and accessible manner, identifying the key evidence underpinning three rights-based themes of Prevention, Diversion and Justice, and Reintegration. This book is the first analysis to map leading inter-disciplinary research against the international children's rights framework in relation to children and the justice system. In this way, it provides a unique evidence base for the implementation of children's rights in youth justice and will support all those seeking to study, advocate or implement progressive approaches to children in conflict with the law. Ursula Kilkelly is Professor of Law in the School of Law at University College Cork, Ireland. She has researched and published extensively on international children's rights, including children in conflict with the law. Ursula is co-editor of Youth Justice, the leading journal in the field, and in 2022/2023, holds the Rotating Chair in the Enforcement of Children's Rights in Leiden University, the Netherlands. Louise Forde is Lecturer at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London, UK. She researches and writes on youth justice and children's rights and has a particular interest in translating international children's rights law into practice and children's participation. Sharon Lambert is Lecturer in the School of Applied Psychology at University College Cork, Ireland. She has significant experience of working in community-based settings with socially excluded groups. Her area of expertise is trauma Informed service design. Katharina Swirak is Lecturer in the Department of Sociology and Criminology at University College Cork, Ireland. Her research interests include amongst others young people and social harm, the intersections of criminal justice and social policy and social reintegration after prison. .

Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Chapter 1 Introduction: Youth in Transition; Chapter 2 Surrogate Employment, Surrogate Labour Markets and the Development of Training Policies in the Eighties; Chapter 3 From New Vocationalism to the Culture of Enterprise; Chapter 4 The Transition from YTS to Work: Content, Context and the External Labour Market; Chapter 5 Trainers and Tutors in the YTS Environment; Chapter 6 Interpreting Vocationalism: Youth Training and Managerial Practices.

This report reviews literature that helps us understand how to better support positive outcomes for youth involved with the law. The report is meant to serve as a resource and guide for evidence-based practice for programs that work with youth. The report explores the impact of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), the legal statute that governs youth justice programs and systems in Canada. The YCJA's emphasis on using extrajudicial measures to divert first time or less serious and non-violent offenders away from the criminal justice system has successfully shifted the focus of the youth justice system from being more punitive to being more rehabilitative. Nonetheless, the YCJA is only regarded as a "qualified success" because the incarceration rate of Indigenous youth has not decreased, and there have been unintended adverse impacts on youth from racialized groups. This report explores the outcomes of this legislation, reviews "what works" from the literature, and provides recommendations and evidence-based guidelines and principles for practitioners and program developers to support positive outcomes for youth involved with the law.

How is the modern world shaping young people and youth crime? What impact is this having on the latest policies and practice? Are current youth justice services working? With contributions from leading researchers in the field, this book offers an insightful, scholarly and critical analysis of such key issues. Youth Offending and Youth Justice engages constructively with current policy and practice debates, tackling issues such as the criminalisation and penalisation of youth, sentencer decision-making, the incarceration of young people and the role of public opinion. It also features an appli