Suchergebnisse

The EU is in a constant state of flux: its constitution, its institutions and especially its political, economic and regulatory borders. Media in the Enlarged Europe deals with the complexity and instability of the European Union and its relationship with the mass media, looking beyond national and cultural boundaries. This compilation also views the mass media not only in its more traditional senses, but looks at newer media technologies and their applications.The recurring theme that binds the diverse papers in this collection is the relationship between European media industries and their social, political, economic and legislative contexts. The first part of the collection offers a snapshot of media politics, policies, industries and cultures in the European Union as a whole; the second part presents comprehensive case studies of the history and current state of the mass media in specific European nations, making Media in the Enlarged Europe an essential resource for media academics and students

There are many research papers on local self-government from 1990s till present in Lithuania. However, according to the author, there is a lack of research papers where the Lithuanian local self-government system would be analysed ystematically. The author has published several articles in the academic journal Public Policy and Administration. In this article, the author, by way of creative analogy, presents his approach as to who is granted the right to (local) self- government and who enjoys this right (i.e., what is the subject of the right to (local) self-government) as well as explains who, in his opinion, enforces the right to (local) self-government and how. Summarizing the results, the author presents the following conclusions: 1. Interpreting the first paragraph of Article 119 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania "The right to self-government shall be guaranteed to administrative units of the territory of the State, which are provided for by law. It shall be implemented through corresponding municipal councils", the following questions remain unanswered: what subject is guaranteed (granted) the right to (local) self-government? Is a municipal council really the only local authority through which the right to (local) self-government is implemented? 2. The systematic analysis of provisions on guaranteeing (granting) and implementing the right to (local) self-government, established in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, rulings and decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Lithuania Law on Local Self-Government, and the European Charter of Local Self-Government, suggests that: (a) three subjects may be considered as the subjects of the right to (local) self-government in Lithuania; (b) the developers of the constitutional doctrine of (local) self-government chose the territorial (local) community as the subject of the right to (local) self-government by applying analogy (the Constitution stipulates that sovereignty belongs to the Nation); (c) by making the subject of the right to (local) self-government equal to the Nation State (sovereign that has the supreme power in the state), the developers of the doctrine applied the analogy in respect of the implementation of the right to (local) selfgovernment: they essentially saw the implementation of the right to (local) self-government and exercise of the supreme power in the municipality as the same, the latter being exercised through the representative municipal (self-government) institution. 3. It is stated that in Lithuania, which belongs to the countries with the continental legal system and where the theory of dual local self-government is followed for interpreting the origin of local municipalities and the nature and content of local self-government, the right to independently deal with local matters (or otherwise, right to (local) self-government in a wider sense) is guaranteed (granted) to the local municipality, an organised territorial social body that is composed of permanent residents in a territorial administrative unit established by law, that has the status of a public legal person and that has the competence established (defined) by the state. 4. Guaranteeing (granting) the right to self-government to the residents of the territorial administrative unit is a process lasting for a defined time rather than a single action of the state. During the process, major qualitative changes take place in the life of residents (to be accurate, in their communication and their governing) of the territorial administrative unit, and some decisions adopted and actions taken on the national level give shape to a territorial, organised social body (local municipality) that has a legal status and the competence defined by the state. 5. Creatively applying the analogy, it may be asserted that: a) the right to self-government (right to (local) self-government in a broader sense) elonging to a local municipality is the right of a territorial organised community (local municipality) and the real power to exist (act) as a legally independent, self-governing and autonomous social body; in this case, the subject of the right to (local) self-government (in a broader sense) is a local municipality, and (b) the right to self-government (right to (local) self-government in a narrower sense) belonging to a municipal community is the right of a municipal community as of a special local municipal structural element to directly or through a municipal council (representative body of a local municipality) exercise, in the ways prescribed, the supreme power in the local municipality when dealing with local (public) matters within the competence of the local municipality; in this case, the subject of the right to (local) self-government (in a narrower sense ) is a municipal community. ; Lietuvoje apie vietos savivaldą paskelbta nemažai mokslo darbų. Vis dėlto mokslo darbų, kuriuose vietos savivalda būtų tyrinėjama sistemiškai, dar labai trūksta. Šio straipsnio autorius yra nagrinėjęs daugumą vietos savivaldos sistemos elementų ir vertinęs skirtingu laiku Lietuvoje pasireiškusią šios sistemos elementų specifiką ir problematiką. Pastaruosius keletą metų autorius rengia apibendrinamojo pobūdžio apžvalgas apie Lietuvos vietos savivaldos sistemą ir jos kaitos dėsningumus per tam tikrą istorinį laikotarpį. Moksliniame leidinyje "Viešoji politika ir administravimas" autorius jau yra paskelbęs keletą straipsnių [2, 3], kuriuose per daugiau kaip dvidešimt metų sukauptų žinių ir įgytos asmeninės praktinės patirties teisėkūros ir teisės aktų įgyvendinimo procesuose pagrindu, pasinaudodamas kitų mokslininkų vertingomis išvadomis ir pastebėjimais, pateikė savo požiūrį į įvairius vietos savivaldos sistemos elementus ir jų vertinimus. Šiame straipsnyje autorius toliau tęsia vietos savivaldos sisteminį nagrinėjimą ir, kūrybiškai pasinaudodamas analogija, pateikia savo požiūrį į tai, kam Lietuvoje laiduojama (vietos) savivaldos teisė (t. y. kas yra (vietos) savivaldos teisės subjektas) ir kaip, autoriaus nuomone, ji įgyvendinama.

[spa] El siguiente trabajo toma como tema principal la inclusión de los recolectores informales en sistemas de gestión formal de residuos sólidos municipales (RSM). Los RSM son un elemento presente desde los primeros asentamientos del hombre, pero los problemas de exclusión se han ido desarrollando conforme ha ido pasando el tiempo y el progreso. Pasado, presente y futuro, tres espacios temporales distantes y a la vez unidos, espacios donde los actos humanos del pasado muestran sus efectos en el día de hoy y donde la única forma de mejorar el futuro es trabajar en el presente aprendiendo del pasado. Dada la complejidad del cuestionamiento, hemos basado nuestro estudio en casos exitosos de modelos de gestión de RSM inclusivos, comenzando un recorrido bibliográfico que nos permitiera abordar de la mejor forma nuestro planteamiento. Con ello, posteriormente hemos comenzado por estudiar el caso de Pune (India). La investigación de primera mano se centra en 3 casos europeos: Traperos de Emaús en Navarra, Engrunes en Cataluña y Amelior en Francia. Los casos son diferentes en sí, pero los une su origen: todos ellos resultaron de la respuesta por parte de vecinos ante un problema o caso de injusticia social. Además, poseen en común que sus usuarios son personas que se dedican a la recolección informal de RSM. Emaús nace en Francia y luego se ha replicado en todo el mundo. Lo cierto es que las comunidades de Emaús nacen generalmente como una respuesta ante la situación de injusticia que sufren personas excluidas. Su forma de vida es la comunidad, escuela personal y colectiva. Su ámbito de trabajo es el espacio liberado en resistencia. En sus orígenes los traperos han utilizado la recolección informal como un evento económico. Sólo el paso del tiempo y las relaciones con otros organismos los han llevado a madurar e internalizar la labor medioambiental que desarrollan. Al día de hoy continúan trabajando con los RSM, ya no de forma precaria ni informal, y con su experiencia han sabido ganar el espacio y ser incluidos en el sistema formal de gestión de RSM. Engrunes es un poco más joven. También nació como respuesta ante la precariedad en que vivían personas del barrio que se dedicaban a la recolección informal como un medio de subsistencia económica. Una respuesta que vino de los feligreses de la parroquia Sant Mateu de Esplugues de Llobregat para ir en su ayuda. Un comienzo similar al de Emaús, con una comunidad y una organización lineal que, con el tiempo va a evolucionar y pasar a constituirse como empresa de reinserción. Con ello, dejaron atrás la vida comunitaria y adquirieron una figura empresarial, pasando a formar parte de la red de Empresas de reinserción del gobierno catalán. Desde este momento sus usuarios llegan procedentes de los programas y servicios de inserción de la administración pública y por un período de tiempo limitado. La recogida de RSM pasó desde la informal con el carrito por las calles y comercio del barrio, a camiones y furgonetas para la recogida dentro del sistema formal, y su herramienta de trabajo contra la exclusión es ahora el contrato de trabajo. Amelior es una asociación nacida hace pocos años en Montreuil y con un ámbito de trabajo que no se centra en la recolección de RSM, sino que lo hace en los recolectores de objetos o biffins. Nace como respuesta ante una situación de injusticia. Esta vez es la escalada de la represión con que el gobierno local trata a los biffins, casi llegando al límite de una verdadera expulsión de los lugares tradicionales donde desarrollaban sus mercadillos de segunda mano. El trabajo de Amelior es encontrar espacios donde puedan establecer sus mercados sin temor de su propia integridad o de sus productos. En su corta vida, han logrado conseguir la plaza del metro Croix de Chavaux como espacio donde, una vez al mes los biffins puedan montar su mercado, siempre organizados y coordinados por Amelior. La situación de los recolectores informales es real, no solo en los países pobres, sino que está presente en todo el mundo. Ahora bien, es un problema que en países como España no está del todo asimilado ni tampoco las autoridades dedican planes para su inclusión, de aquí que determinados ciudadanos se organicen y busquen por ellos mismos sus propios canales para ayudar, organizar, capacitar y lograr modelos inclusivos con los cuales poder luchar contra le exclusión. En Francia, el gobierno ha ido cediendo a la presión de otorgar espacios, quizás como forma de controlar a los biffins y evitar el mercado en zonas de interés gubernamental, como las zonas turísticas de Paris. Nuestro estudio logró demostrar que modelos inclusivos de gestión de RSM orientados al Zero Waste son aplicables en diferentes escenarios, por diferentes que sean. En cuanto a la prevención de residuos, los recolectores informales contribuyen a la economía solidaria, especialmente al convertir desechos en productos de segunda mano accesibles para personas de bajo poder adquisitivo o que rechazan la economía de consumo. Paralelo a ello, los modelos inclusivos generan trabajo regulado y, con ello contribuyen a mejorar la calidad de vida de los recolectores dignificando sus vidas. La sola recuperación de desechos o material para el reciclaje contribuya a su vez a la disminución de la cantidad de RSM que debe ser llevado a depósito controlado. Finalmente decir que se ha demostrado que un modelo de gestión híbrido, en el sentido de ocupar a personas en exclusión como parte del sistema formal contribuye a mejorar el sistema de recogida, dada la experiencia en recogida selectiva de éstos. Se ha visto que la hoja de ruta no es fácil ni corta, pero los modelos inclusivos llevan a mejorar tanto aspectos sociales como medio ambientales. No se pueden generar cambios al corto plazo, pero tampoco se puede esperar ver cambios sin comenzar un camino de trabajo. ; [eng] This work carry out a research taking as central issue the inclusion of the informal waste collectors (waste pickers) into formal waste management systems. The MSW have been present since the first settlements of the humanity, but social and exclusions problems have been developing in the hand of time and progress. Past, present and future, three distant dimensions in time and united too. Temporary spaces where human acts in the past present effects in the present and where the only way to improve the future is work from the present, studing the past. Given the complexity of, a priori, the question, we have based our research in successful cases of inclusive MSW management systems (MSM). The first step was a bibliographic research that allow us to take a correct approach. Then, we begun to study the case of Pune (India). The first-hand research focuses on 3 European cases: Traperos de Emmaus in Navarra, Engrunes in Catalonia and Amelior in Montreuil, France. The cases are different in themselves, but they are linked by their origin: all of them were born like a response by neighbors to make front a problem or a social injustice case. In addition, they have in common that their users are people engaged into the informal collection of MSW. Emaus was born in France and then has been replicated around all the world. The Emaus communities was born like a response to the situation of injustice suffered by excluded people. Their way of life is community, personal and collective school. Some Emaus ragpickers say: "our ambit of work is a space released in resistance". In its origins, the ragpickers have used informal waste pickering just as an economic event. Only the pass of time and relations with other organisms made possible a maturation and internalizing of they work like a utility work to the society and environment. Actually, they continue to work with the MSW, but no longer in a precarious or informal way, and with their experience they have been able to gain space and be included in the formal MSW management system. Engrunes is a little younger. It was also born as a response to the precariousness of homeless living in the neighborhood and were engaged in informal recollection as a means of economic subsistence. A reaction that came from a little group of people of the Sant Mateu church from Esplugues de Llobregat to help them. A similar begin that Emaus, with a community and a linear organization that, over time, will evolve and become into a reinsertion enterprise. With this step, they left behind the community life and acquired an enterprise figure, becoming part of the Insertion enterprises network the Catalan government. From this moment, its users arrive by just one way: programs and insertion services of the public administration, and that's is not all, it's just for a limited time. The waste collection went from the informal with the typical cart, to trucks and vans for collection inside the formal system. Actually, the tool to work against the exclusion is the contract of employment. Amelior is an association born a few years ago in Montreuil. Their work that not focus on the collection of MSW, their works is focalized with the waste pickers (biffins) rights. The association, like Emaús and Engrunes, was born as a reaction front an injustice situation. In this case, the reactions were produced by the increment in repression and persecution by the government of Paris against the biffins. Situations like the prohibition to use traditional places for its market and, in the last times with the expulsion to the periphery areas of Paris. Amelior's task can be resumed in one objective: find spaces where they can establish their markets without fear for their own integrity or of their products. In their short life they have achieved, by a public bidding, the use of the Croix de Chavaux square as a market space one time by month. The situation of the excluded people, like waste pickers, is real. And is not present just in poor countries, they are present around the world. However, it is a problem that in countries like Spain is not fully assimilated for the authorities, or the govern don't dedicate plans for their inclusion. This situation make that some citizens organize themselves and search how they can help to organize, capacity and arrive to legal and accepted models to combat exclusion. In France, the government has been opening to listening the demands, maybe to the pressure, to grant spaces, maybe just a way to control the biffins and avoid the market in areas of governmental interest, read touristic interests, of Paris. Our study was able to demonstrate that Zero Waste models of MSW management are applicable in different scenarios, even if they have some differences into waste prevention theme, informal collectors contribute to the solidarity economy, especially by converting some products discarded and dumped by somewhere, into second-hand products accessible for another people with low purchasing power, or people who reject the consumer economy. In parallel, the inclusive models generate regulated work and, with this, contribute to improve the quality of life of the waste pickers, dignifying their lives. At the same time, the simple action to recovery for the waste or material for recycling, contributes to the decrease of the amount of MSW that must be taken to transported and dumped in a landfill. Finally, we have been demonstrated that, a hybrid management model, in the sense of occupying exclusion people as part, or inside the formal management system contributes to improve the waste collection system, given their experience in the selective collection based in the recuperation of quality products from the waste. We have been seen that the road map is not easy nor short, but the inclusive models lead to social and environmental improvement. It's impossible generate changes in the short term, but also cannot see changes if we don't start a working plan.

A dramatic, deeply informed account of one of the most consequential elections and periods in American history, 1968--rife with riots, assassinations, anti-Vietnam War protests, and realpolitik--was one of the most tumultuous years in the twentieth century, culminating in one of the most consequential presidential elections in American history. The Contest tells the story of that contentious election and that remarkable year. Bringing a fresh perspective to events that still resonate half a century later, this book is especially timely, giving us the long view of a turning point in American culture and politics. Author Michael Schumacher sets the stage with a deep look at the people with important roles in the unfolding drama: Lyndon B. Johnson, Robert F. Kennedy, Eugene McCarthy, George Wallace, Richard Nixon, and especially Hubert H. Humphrey, whose papers and journals afford surprising new insights. Following these politicians in the lead-up to the primaries, through the chaotic conventions, and down the home stretch to the general election, The Contest combines biographical and historical details to create a narrative as intimate in human detail as it is momentous in scope and significance. An election year when the competing forces of law and order and social justice were on the ballot, the Vietnam War divided the country, and the liberal regime begun with Franklin D. Roosevelt was on the defensive, 1968 marked a profound shift in the nation's culture and sense of itself. Thorough in its research and spellbinding in the telling, Schumacher's book brings sharp focus to that year and its lessons for our current critical moment in American politics.

Many Bosnians I talked to were skeptical about my plan to do research among local police in the central Bosnian town of Zenica. They told me that no one would talk to me there. "They're too scared of foreigners," they said, meaning especially Westerners who might be connected to the powerful international institutions that have acted as de facto protectorate to the fragmented and unstable state after the collapse of socialist Yugoslavia and the devastating 1992–1995 war. In their efforts to neutralize the police as enforcer of ethnonational separatism and to promote the new democratic values of rule of law, respect for human rights, and ethnic and gender equality, the "international community" had sacked hundreds of officers, restricted police powers, and introduced quotas for ethnic minorities and women. There was thus a sense that "foreigners" posed a threat to the masculinized coercive power of the state as embodied in the police. As it happened, the police did talk to me, though always in reference to this context of shifting relations of state and state-like power, as well as the economic and social instability that characterizes postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina (hereafter Bosnia).

ABSTRACTIndigenous development professionals in southern Haiti occupy an intermediary position between actors and institutions of the international development industry and the rural peasant beneficiaries of development projects and programs. Educated and trained as agronomists or development technicians, these professionals facilitate the transmission of northern development standards and ideologies to southern subjectivities. By first situating Haitian development into greater post-structural understandings of how the global south is produced, these agents of globalization will be oriented as rural intellectuals in the Gramscian sense. In the rural communes surrounding the city of Les Cayes in southern rural Haiti, indigenous professionals have a place in the social field that characterizes localized development practice, which itself is located in larger regimes of power and representation that typify development processes around the world. These frequently urban-based professional agents carry western-based discourses surrounding modernity, secularism, and scientific capitalism to local peasant communities that are ideologically constructed as antitheses to these discourses. However, a case study of these processes demonstrates that the produced "truths" regarding aid and development are mediated and negotiated through social encounters between development intermediaries and aid recipients. This article concludes that localized development intermediaries represent new and important intellectual strata through which the peasantry engages global governance institutions.

Els darrers anys molts professionals han centrat el seu interès en la lluita pel dret de totes les persones, independentment de la seva condició, a rebre atenció sanitària, conscients que entre els col·lectius amb més risc de desatenció es troben els "sense papers". Les lleis restrictives actuals transmeten la idea que els migrants irregulars són els principals responsables de la seva precària situació, i permetre'ls l'accés als serveis de salut és considerat un acte de "generositat" a càrrec de l'Estat. Idea, tanmateix, que s'oposa a la llei de drets humans. Existeix, doncs, una bretxa en l'atenció a la salut entre persones nadiues i immigrants, que cal eliminar mitjançant polítiques d'atenció a les persones partint de les seves particularitats culturals. En un sentit ampli, la vivència de la salut i la malaltia és una construcció social que depèn dels valors de cada cultura, i que una pràctica assistencial centrada en la persona ha de tenir en compte. ; In recent years, many professionals have focused interest on the struggle for the right of all persons, regardless of their condition, to health care, in the knowledge that one of the groups most at risk of neglect are 'illegal' im -migrants. The current restrictive legislation fosters the idea that irregular migrants are primarily responsible for their precarious situation, and allowing them access to health services is considered an act of 'generosity' by the State. However, this is clearly in contravention of human rights law. The currently existing discrimination in health care between natives and immigrants needs to be removed with care policies based on people's cultural specificity. In a broad sense, the experience of health and illness is a social construct that reflects the values of a given culture, and a person-centred approach to healthcare practices should take this into consideration. ; En los últimos años, muchos profesionales han centrado su interés en la lucha por elfderecho de todas las personas, independientemente de su condición, a recibir atención sanitaria, conscientes de que entre los colectivos con más riesgo de desatención se encuentran los "sin papeles". Las leyes restrictivas actuales transmiten la idea de que los migrantes irregulares son los principales responsables de su precaria situación, y permitirles el acceso a los servicios de salud se considera un acto de "generosidad" a cargo del Estado. Idea, sin embargo, que se opone a la ley de derechos humanos. Existe, pues, una brecha en la atención a la salud entre personas nativas e inmigrantes, que hay que eliminar con políticas de atención a las personas partiendo de sus particularidades culturales. En un sentido amplio, la vivencia de la salud y la enfermedad es una construcción social que depende de los valores de cada cultura, y que una práctica asistencial centrada en la persona debe tener en cuenta.

In the spring of 2006, millions of Latinos across the country participated in the largest civil rights demonstrations in American history. In this timely and highly anticipated book, Chris Zepeda-Millán analyzes the background, course, and impacts of this unprecedented wave of protests, highlighting their unique local, national, and demographic dynamics. He finds that because of the particular ways the issue of immigrant illegality was racialized, federally proposed anti-immigrant legislation (H.R. 4437) helped transform Latinos' sense of latent group membership into the racial group consciousness that incited their engagement in large-scale collective action. Zepeda-Millán shows how nativist policy threats against disenfranchised undocumented immigrants can provoke a political backlash - on the streets and at the ballot box - from not only 'people without papers', but also naturalized and US-born citizens. Latino Mass Mobilization is an important intervention into contemporary debates regarding immigration policy, social movements, and racial politics in the United States

In the last three decades, anthropological analyses of eating disorders have peeled away layers of 'common sense' to reveal tacit and often contradictory forces that inhere in people's bodies, practices, and lives. From investigations of institutional practices to analyses of embodied experiences, anthropologists have developed insightful accounts of how local, shared worlds shape disordered eating, and of the grounding of disorder in social structures and relationships that tend to be obscured in clinical and popular interpretations. In this introductory essay, we offer a brief review of anthropological work on eating disorders, with particular emphasis on studies published in the last decade. Attending to person, structure, and bodily being-in-the-world, these anthropological studies reveal multiple cultural logics within which disordered eating practices are embedded. The deciphering of cultural logics forms the basis for this special issue, whose constituent papers interrogate recurring and ongoing eating disorders, with analyses that focus on relapse, ambivalence toward treatment, and the persistence of disordered eating practices. In their shared focus on long-term eating disorders, the papers offer anthropological responses to clinical questions about the low rates of treatment success. As such, the special issue conveys the potential for new productive collaborations between anthropology, policy, and clinical research and practice for the prevention of and effective intervention in eating disorders.

Cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I. History of the Ethnographic Impulse -- 1. Thrice Born -- or, Between Two Worlds: Reflexivity and Performance in An-sky's Jewish Ethnographic Expedition and Beyond -- 2. Between Scientific and Political: Jewish Scholars and Russian-Jewish Physical Anthropology in the Fin-de-Siècle Russian Empire -- 3. "To Study Our Past, Make Sense of Our Present and Develop Our National Consciousness": Lev Shternberg's Comprehensive Program for Jewish Ethnography in the USSR -- 4. "What Should We Collect?": Ethnography, Local Studies, and the Formation of a Belorussian Jewish Identity -- 5. Yiddish Folklore and Soviet Ideology during the 1930s -- 6. After An-sky: I.M. Pul'ner and the Jewish Section of the State Museum of Ethnography in Leningrad -- 7. "Sacred Collection Work": The Relationship between YIVO and Its Zamlers -- 8. The Last Zamlers: Avrom Sutzkever and Shmerke Kaczerginski in Vilna, 1944-1945 -- Part II. Findings from the Field -- 9. Ethnography and Folklore among Polish Jews in Israel: Immigration and Integration -- 10. The Use of Hebrew and Yiddish in the Rituals of Contemporary Jewry of Bukovina and Bessarabia -- 11. Food and Faith in the Soviet Shtetl -- 12. Undzer Rebenyu: Religion, Memory, and Identity in Postwar Moldova -- Part III. Reflections on the Ethnographic Impulse -- 13. Ex-Soviet Jews: Collective Autoethnography -- 14. Family Pictures at an Exhibition: History, Autobiography, and the Museum Exhibit on Jewish Łódź "In Mrs. Goldberg's Kitchen" -- 15. Seamed Stockings and Ponytails: Conducting Ethnographic Fieldwork in a Contemporary Hasidic Community -- Part IV. By Way of Conclusion -- 16. From Function to Frame: The Evolving Conceptualization of Jewish Folklore Studies -- List of Contributors -- Index.

Many populist radical right parties compete on a regular basis in the Bulgarian legislative elections. Among these, the VMRO–Balgarsko Natsionalno Dvizhenie (VMRO-BND, IMRO–Bulgarian National Movement) enjoys the greatest organizational stability and maintains a regular presence in politics and society despite volatile electoral performance. Using qualitative content analysis of official party documents (programs, statutes, and policy papers) and media reports, this article argues that the organizational stability of the VMRO-BND stems from its grassroots efforts to establish deep links in society. While its membership is limited, the local activities of the party between and during elections, and its network of loosely-affiliated organizations create a grandiose impression of presence across Bulgaria. Through this presence, VMRO-BND fosters a sense of belonging for its members which in turn supports the party's goal of achieving a so-called "national cultural unity" and the preservation of Bulgarian traditions. Internally, VMRO-BND provides room for non-member participation and bottom-up initiatives from local activists, while remaining strongly centralized at the top around its leader, Krasimir Karakachanov. Overall, VMRO-BND reveals the importance populist radical right parties place on social presence, even when membership numbers are low.

Many populist radical right parties compete on a regular basis in the Bulgarian legislative elections. Among these, the VMRO–Balgarsko Natsionalno Dvizhenie (VMRO-BND, IMRO–Bulgarian National Movement) enjoys the greatest organizational stability and maintains a regular presence in politics and society despite volatile electoral performance. Using qualitative content analysis of official party documents (programs, statutes, and policy papers) and media reports, this article argues that the organizational stability of the VMRO-BND stems from its grassroots efforts to establish deep links in society. While its membership is limited, the local activities of the party between and during elections, and its network of loosely-affiliated organizations create a grandiose impression of presence across Bulgaria. Through this presence, VMRO-BND fosters a sense of belonging for its members which in turn supports the party's goal of achieving a so-called "national cultural unity" and the preservation of Bulgarian traditions. Internally, VMRO-BND provides room for non-member participation and bottom-up initiatives from local activists, while remaining strongly centralized at the top around its leader, Krasimir Karakachanov. Overall, VMRO-BND reveals the importance populist radical right parties place on social presence, even when membership numbers are low.

El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un ejercicio de lectura sobre la prensa anarquista ―producida en algunas ciudades argentinas en el período 1895-1925― a partir de las principales tesis de la obra de Mijail Bajtin. En este sentido se privilegian en el análisis dimensiones propias de la prensa local tales como su proliferación, su heterogeneidad, su carácter políglota y su vocación polémica. Una hipótesis central afirma que los postulados bajtinianos ofrecen una guía inmejorable para abordar el gran concierto que animan los anarquistas a través de la prensa ya que, por sus propias características, este tipo de enunciación extrema la condición polifónica del discurso. Al mismo tiempo, se intenta explorar esos postulados en razón de su pertinencia para abordar el compromiso del discurso en la constitución de identidades, en este caso, políticas. En este sentido, las prácticas discursivas son interpretadas como parte de un ejercicio de re-citación de la doctrina en el que se observan infructuosos intentos de monologizarla e inevitables reaperturas propiciadas por las particularidades del campo de la propaganda libertaria local. Por último, se analiza la participación de las mujeres a partir de sus periódicos como una inflexión de la re-citación de la doctrina que visibiliza la condición generizada del discurso, de las subjetividades políticas y del sujeto de la emancipación concebido como la Humanidad. ; The objective of this article is to present a reading exercise on the anarchist press concert – which took place in some Argentine cities within 1895-1925 – as of Mikhail Bakhtin's work's main theses. In this respect local press dimensions analysis, their proliferation, heterogeneity, polyglot character and controversial vocation are granted priority. A central hypothesis states that Bakhtinian postulates offer an unbeatable guide to broach the great concert anarchists encourage by means of the press, since due to its own features this kind of statement maximizes the discourse polyphonic condition. At the same time, it is intended to explore other postulates regarding their appropriateness to broach discourse compromise in the constitution of identities, in this case, political identities. In this sense, discourse practices are construed as part of a doctrine re-quotation exercise, where failed attempts to turn it into a monologue and inevitable reopenings being generated by local libertarian propaganda field oddities are seen. Finally, women participation as of their news papers, as a doctrine re-quotation inflection that makes discourse, political subjectivities and emancipation subject as Mankind generalized condition visible, is analyzed. ; Fil: Fernández Cordero, María Laura. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Centro de Documentación e Investigación de la Cultura de Izquierda en Argentina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina

Innovation serves many purposes. In this paper we study new varieties of innovation and innovation policy which address societal challenges in the largest cities in Europe. These metropolitan areas consistently show resounding characteristics in terms of multiplicities of innovation, governance and societal challenges. They serve as 'living labs' and 'lead-markets' for solutions to societal challenges. The identified and analysed cases of social innovation initiatives in these metropolitan areas organize for new resourceful interactions between the demand for social innovations and the capacities to generate multi-domain solutions. It is the context dependencies of these cases of social innovation that open up diverse interest-based possibilities. In this daily life-world context a multiplicity of actors select local-interactive processes. The broad range of actors includes: government research labs, public sector, creative and other service industries, social entrepreneurs, intrapreneurs, student platforms, and profession-linked open communities. Such interactions represent emerging transformative capabilities for addressing societal challenges, turning local-societal (political/administrative; economic/ financial; technological/social) solutions into multi-level (regional, national, global) opportunities, and a wider range of benefits. In metropolitan areas, these multi-domain and multi-level potentials are activated by organizing societal synergies between "social participative creativity" and "economic innovative efficiency" for any level. Existing concepts of innovation systems do not capture and explain these unique societal synergies, because they only focus on one specific type of innovation and one specific type of sectoral, technological, socio-technical, social or spatio-organizational (national, regional) system of innovation. It requires acknowledging that innovation and innovation systems are not only instrumental for economic benefits in a system-technocratic sense, but also for addressing societal challenges in a grassroots-communicative sense. Therefore we construct an overarching yet deepened concept: "the societal system of innovation", a theoretical-analytical framework based on empirical background. We do not add yet another type of innovation system, but acknowledge the overlaps and linkages between the existing types of innovation systems. The existing types are the special cases of the societal system of innovation with respect to the presence/absence of organizations, where organizational rules and interactional play between them. Over-embedded or lacking interactions among these special-case innovation systems cannot capture evolving contextuality (life-world) for innovation. This shortcoming provides a complementary policy rationale for being critical in the organization of widened interactions (S2S, system-to-system; G2G, grassroots-to-grassroots) and deepened contextuality (S2G, systems-to-grassroots; and G2S, grassroots-to-systems) under the concept, instruments, measurement/assessment of the societal system of innovation.

International audience ; Background: The recruitment of community health volunteers (CHVs) to support the delivery of health programmes is an established approach in underserved areas and in particular where there are health inequalities due to the scarcity of trained human resources. However, there is a dearth of evidence about what works to improve CHVs' performance. This review aimed to synthesise existing literature to explain why, how and under which circumstances intervention approaches to improve the performance of CHVs are more likely to be successful.Methods: We performed a realist synthesis. We identified candidate theories related to our review questions, which then guided the selection, appraisal and analysis of primary studies. Publications of interest dating from 2008 to 2012 were identified by a systematic search in PubMed and IDEAS databases. We considered all study designs that examined the various aspects of CHV performance in the context of formal organisational settings to be eligible and excluded the studies that did not provide explanation about the performance of CHVs neither in the findings nor in the discussion part. Data were arranged according to their reference to context, interventions, outcomes and mechanisms in order to identify the interaction between them. The synthesis of data allowed us to determine explanatory patterns within or across the studies.Results: We identified broad intervention approaches within the 23 papers included in the review: positioning of the CHV within the community, establishment of clear roles, provision of skill-based and ongoing training, incentives, supervision and logistical support for task distribution and implementation. The findings provided information regarding which mechanisms (self-esteem, sense of duty, self-efficacy, sense of being fairly treated) to target when implementing such approaches, and which contextual factors (stable and supportive cultural, political and social context and intervention closely linked to local health services) ...