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International audience ; The social sciences have produced both theoretically and empirically a large literature in order to explain why urban areas are socially differentiated, and also the consequences of this urban specialization on several economic and social variables. But the major part of all these works is focused on the residential segregation of ethnic minorities within the particular context of North American cities. Sociologists and geographers have pointed very early that there is social segregation among European cities. But works from European economists, especially French economists, remain scarce. The main part of European literature is focused on occupational segregation and not on residential segregation ore moreover on the combination of these two approaches. This paper aims to introduce these issues. We present several stylised facts on urban segregation in Europe and in France before showing the interest to combine both a segregation framework and the issue of access to employment. ; Si les sciences sociales ont produit une très vaste littérature théorique et empirique afin d'expliquer la logique de formation de quartiers socialement différenciés, ainsi que les effets de cette spécialisation sur de nombreuses variables économiques et sociales, un constat s'impose : l'essentiel des travaux demeure focalisé sur la ségrégation résidentielle entre minorités ethniques et dans un contexte spatial très particulier, celui des grands centres urbains américains. Certes, des sociologues et des géographes ont mis assez tôt l'accent sur la dimension socio-économique de la ségrégation dans les villes du Vieux Continent. Mais les travaux d'économistes européens – et a fortiori français – restent rares dans ce domaine. La majeure partie des contributions dédiée à la ségrégation demeure consacrée à la ségrégation professionnelle et non à la ségrégation résidentielle ni a fortiori aux interactions entre ces deux phénomènes. Cet article est une introduction à ces thématiques. Il présente les grandes tendances ...

International audience ; The social sciences have produced both theoretically and empirically a large literature in order to explain why urban areas are socially differentiated, and also the consequences of this urban specialization on several economic and social variables. But the major part of all these works is focused on the residential segregation of ethnic minorities within the particular context of North American cities. Sociologists and geographers have pointed very early that there is social segregation among European cities. But works from European economists, especially French economists, remain scarce. The main part of European literature is focused on occupational segregation and not on residential segregation ore moreover on the combination of these two approaches. This paper aims to introduce these issues. We present several stylised facts on urban segregation in Europe and in France before showing the interest to combine both a segregation framework and the issue of access to employment. ; Si les sciences sociales ont produit une très vaste littérature théorique et empirique afin d'expliquer la logique de formation de quartiers socialement différenciés, ainsi que les effets de cette spécialisation sur de nombreuses variables économiques et sociales, un constat s'impose : l'essentiel des travaux demeure focalisé sur la ségrégation résidentielle entre minorités ethniques et dans un contexte spatial très particulier, celui des grands centres urbains américains. Certes, des sociologues et des géographes ont mis assez tôt l'accent sur la dimension socio-économique de la ségrégation dans les villes du Vieux Continent. Mais les travaux d'économistes européens – et a fortiori français – restent rares dans ce domaine. La majeure partie des contributions dédiée à la ségrégation demeure consacrée à la ségrégation professionnelle et non à la ségrégation résidentielle ni a fortiori aux interactions entre ces deux phénomènes. Cet article est une introduction à ces thématiques. Il présente les grandes tendances ...

International audience ; The social sciences have produced both theoretically and empirically a large literature in order to explain why urban areas are socially differentiated, and also the consequences of this urban specialization on several economic and social variables. But the major part of all these works is focused on the residential segregation of ethnic minorities within the particular context of North American cities. Sociologists and geographers have pointed very early that there is social segregation among European cities. But works from European economists, especially French economists, remain scarce. The main part of European literature is focused on occupational segregation and not on residential segregation ore moreover on the combination of these two approaches. This paper aims to introduce these issues. We present several stylised facts on urban segregation in Europe and in France before showing the interest to combine both a segregation framework and the issue of access to employment. ; Si les sciences sociales ont produit une très vaste littérature théorique et empirique afin d'expliquer la logique de formation de quartiers socialement différenciés, ainsi que les effets de cette spécialisation sur de nombreuses variables économiques et sociales, un constat s'impose : l'essentiel des travaux demeure focalisé sur la ségrégation résidentielle entre minorités ethniques et dans un contexte spatial très particulier, celui des grands centres urbains américains. Certes, des sociologues et des géographes ont mis assez tôt l'accent sur la dimension socio-économique de la ségrégation dans les villes du Vieux Continent. Mais les travaux d'économistes européens – et a fortiori français – restent rares dans ce domaine. La majeure partie des contributions dédiée à la ségrégation demeure consacrée à la ségrégation professionnelle et non à la ségrégation résidentielle ni a fortiori aux interactions entre ces deux phénomènes. Cet article est une introduction à ces thématiques. Il présente les grandes tendances ...

International audience ; The social sciences have produced both theoretically and empirically a large literature in order to explain why urban areas are socially differentiated, and also the consequences of this urban specialization on several economic and social variables. But the major part of all these works is focused on the residential segregation of ethnic minorities within the particular context of North American cities. Sociologists and geographers have pointed very early that there is social segregation among European cities. But works from European economists, especially French economists, remain scarce. The main part of European literature is focused on occupational segregation and not on residential segregation ore moreover on the combination of these two approaches. This paper aims to introduce these issues. We present several stylised facts on urban segregation in Europe and in France before showing the interest to combine both a segregation framework and the issue of access to employment. ; Si les sciences sociales ont produit une très vaste littérature théorique et empirique afin d'expliquer la logique de formation de quartiers socialement différenciés, ainsi que les effets de cette spécialisation sur de nombreuses variables économiques et sociales, un constat s'impose : l'essentiel des travaux demeure focalisé sur la ségrégation résidentielle entre minorités ethniques et dans un contexte spatial très particulier, celui des grands centres urbains américains. Certes, des sociologues et des géographes ont mis assez tôt l'accent sur la dimension socio-économique de la ségrégation dans les villes du Vieux Continent. Mais les travaux d'économistes européens – et a fortiori français – restent rares dans ce domaine. La majeure partie des contributions dédiée à la ségrégation demeure consacrée à la ségrégation professionnelle et non à la ségrégation résidentielle ni a fortiori aux interactions entre ces deux phénomènes. Cet article est une introduction à ces thématiques. Il présente les grandes tendances ...

We show that isolated capital cities are robustly associated with greater levels of corruption acrossUS states, in line with the view that spatial distance between citizens and the seat of political powerreduces accountability, and in contrast with the alternative hypothesis that keeping distance betweenthe capital and major economic interests might decrease the risk of political capture. In particular,this stylized fact holds when we use the location of a state's centroid and the spatial distribution ofland suitability as sources of exogenous variation for the isolation of the capital city. We then showdirect evidence that different mechanisms for holding state politicians accountable are indeed affectedby the spatial distribution of population: newspapers provide greater coverage of state politics whentheir audiences are more concentrated around the capital, voters are less knowledgeable and interestedin state politics when they are far from the capital, and voter turnout in state elections is greater inplaces that are closer to the capital. We find that the role of media accountability seems particularlyimportant in explaining the connection between isolated capitals and corruption. We also find evidencethat there is more money in state-level political campaigns in those states with isolated capitals,again contrary to the capture hypothesis. Finally, we provide some evidence that these patterns areassociated with lower levels of public good spending and outcomes.

We show that isolated capital cities are robustly associated with greater levels of corruption acrossUS states, in line with the view that spatial distance between citizens and the seat of political powerreduces accountability, and in contrast with the alternative hypothesis that keeping distance betweenthe capital and major economic interests might decrease the risk of political capture. In particular,this stylized fact holds when we use the location of a state's centroid and the spatial distribution ofland suitability as sources of exogenous variation for the isolation of the capital city. We then showdirect evidence that different mechanisms for holding state politicians accountable are indeed affectedby the spatial distribution of population: newspapers provide greater coverage of state politics whentheir audiences are more concentrated around the capital, voters are less knowledgeable and interestedin state politics when they are far from the capital, and voter turnout in state elections is greater inplaces that are closer to the capital. We find that the role of media accountability seems particularlyimportant in explaining the connection between isolated capitals and corruption. We also find evidencethat there is more money in state-level political campaigns in those states with isolated capitals,again contrary to the capture hypothesis. Finally, we provide some evidence that these patterns areassociated with lower levels of public good spending and outcomes.

International audience ; Lack of waste management facilities from mountain region often lead to uncontrolled disposal of waste on river banks polluting the local environment and damaging the tourism potential. Geographical conditions influences the distribution of human settlements which are located along the rivers and its tributaries. This paper aims to estimate the amounts of household waste generated and uncollected disposed into mountain rivers, taking into account several factors such as:proximity of rivers to the human settlements, the morphology of villages, length of river that crosses the locality(built up areas), local population, the access to waste collection services and waste management infrastructure. Vulnerability of rivers to illegal dumping is performed using GIS techniques, highlighting the localities pressure on rivers in close proximity. For this purpose, it developed a calculation model for estimation the amounts of waste (kg) that are dumped on a river section (m) that crosses a locality (village) or it is in close proximity. This estimation is based on the "principle of proximity and minimum effort" it can be applied in any mountainous region that are lacking or partially access to waste collection services. It is an assessment tool of mountain rivers vulnerability to waste dumping,taking into account the geographical and demographic conditions of the study area. Also the current dysfunctions are analyzed based on field observations.

Three of the largest social unrests of the last two decades in France - the 2005 suburban riots, the 2013 Bonnets Rouges and the 2019 Gilets Jaunes movements- were directly associated with claims for spatial justice. It is actually no surprise that equity claims could take a spatial form and involve transportation. Cities are highly unequal structures, being the site of a spatial competition for access to the benefits of density. Transportation infrastructures, and especially public transit, plays a major role in organizing spatial inequalities, since they provide distant land with access to urban agglomeration economies. Without access to transportation, one could not enjoy a full citizenship. Two types of equity issues may be at stake in the spatial economy. Vertical equity, that regards equal treatment between households with different resources, is particularly salient within cities, since the housing market sorts incomes by distance to amenities and agglomeration economies. Horizontal equity, that regards equal treatment between households with similar resources and income, is of particular concern between cities, since the availability of transportation infrastructure, and especially public transport, conditions access to urban benefits for many urbanites. In a context of reinforced urban segregation, acceleration of the concentration of activity and jobs in large metropolis, and rise of transportation costs that could result of the generalization of the carbon tax, such vertical and horizontal equity claims may become more salient in the next decades. This thesis examines three aspects of spatial equity, through the particular scope of transportation infrastructure. The first two chapters assess whether public transit investment should be directed to mitigate vertical equity claims within cities or horizontal equity claims between cities. The third chapter applies the reflections of the first two chapters to the specific case of the fuel carbon tax acceptability and wonders whether urban policies could ...

Three of the largest social unrests of the last two decades in France - the 2005 suburban riots, the 2013 Bonnets Rouges and the 2019 Gilets Jaunes movements- were directly associated with claims for spatial justice. It is actually no surprise that equity claims could take a spatial form and involve transportation. Cities are highly unequal structures, being the site of a spatial competition for access to the benefits of density. Transportation infrastructures, and especially public transit, plays a major role in organizing spatial inequalities, since they provide distant land with access to urban agglomeration economies. Without access to transportation, one could not enjoy a full citizenship. Two types of equity issues may be at stake in the spatial economy. Vertical equity, that regards equal treatment between households with different resources, is particularly salient within cities, since the housing market sorts incomes by distance to amenities and agglomeration economies. Horizontal equity, that regards equal treatment between households with similar resources and income, is of particular concern between cities, since the availability of transportation infrastructure, and especially public transport, conditions access to urban benefits for many urbanites. In a context of reinforced urban segregation, acceleration of the concentration of activity and jobs in large metropolis, and rise of transportation costs that could result of the generalization of the carbon tax, such vertical and horizontal equity claims may become more salient in the next decades. This thesis examines three aspects of spatial equity, through the particular scope of transportation infrastructure. The first two chapters assess whether public transit investment should be directed to mitigate vertical equity claims within cities or horizontal equity claims between cities. The third chapter applies the reflections of the first two chapters to the specific case of the fuel carbon tax acceptability and wonders whether urban policies could ...

Three of the largest social unrests of the last two decades in France - the 2005 suburban riots, the 2013 Bonnets Rouges and the 2019 Gilets Jaunes movements- were directly associated with claims for spatial justice. It is actually no surprise that equity claims could take a spatial form and involve transportation. Cities are highly unequal structures, being the site of a spatial competition for access to the benefits of density. Transportation infrastructures, and especially public transit, plays a major role in organizing spatial inequalities, since they provide distant land with access to urban agglomeration economies. Without access to transportation, one could not enjoy a full citizenship. Two types of equity issues may be at stake in the spatial economy. Vertical equity, that regards equal treatment between households with different resources, is particularly salient within cities, since the housing market sorts incomes by distance to amenities and agglomeration economies. Horizontal equity, that regards equal treatment between households with similar resources and income, is of particular concern between cities, since the availability of transportation infrastructure, and especially public transport, conditions access to urban benefits for many urbanites. In a context of reinforced urban segregation, acceleration of the concentration of activity and jobs in large metropolis, and rise of transportation costs that could result of the generalization of the carbon tax, such vertical and horizontal equity claims may become more salient in the next decades. This thesis examines three aspects of spatial equity, through the particular scope of transportation infrastructure. The first two chapters assess whether public transit investment should be directed to mitigate vertical equity claims within cities or horizontal equity claims between cities. The third chapter applies the reflections of the first two chapters to the specific case of the fuel carbon tax acceptability and wonders whether urban policies could ...

Three of the largest social unrests of the last two decades in France - the 2005 suburban riots, the 2013 Bonnets Rouges and the 2019 Gilets Jaunes movements- were directly associated with claims for spatial justice. It is actually no surprise that equity claims could take a spatial form and involve transportation. Cities are highly unequal structures, being the site of a spatial competition for access to the benefits of density. Transportation infrastructures, and especially public transit, plays a major role in organizing spatial inequalities, since they provide distant land with access to urban agglomeration economies. Without access to transportation, one could not enjoy a full citizenship. Two types of equity issues may be at stake in the spatial economy. Vertical equity, that regards equal treatment between households with different resources, is particularly salient within cities, since the housing market sorts incomes by distance to amenities and agglomeration economies. Horizontal equity, that regards equal treatment between households with similar resources and income, is of particular concern between cities, since the availability of transportation infrastructure, and especially public transport, conditions access to urban benefits for many urbanites. In a context of reinforced urban segregation, acceleration of the concentration of activity and jobs in large metropolis, and rise of transportation costs that could result of the generalization of the carbon tax, such vertical and horizontal equity claims may become more salient in the next decades. This thesis examines three aspects of spatial equity, through the particular scope of transportation infrastructure. The first two chapters assess whether public transit investment should be directed to mitigate vertical equity claims within cities or horizontal equity claims between cities. The third chapter applies the reflections of the first two chapters to the specific case of the fuel carbon tax acceptability and wonders whether urban policies could ...

Three of the largest social unrests of the last two decades in France - the 2005 suburban riots, the 2013 Bonnets Rouges and the 2019 Gilets Jaunes movements- were directly associated with claims for spatial justice. It is actually no surprise that equity claims could take a spatial form and involve transportation. Cities are highly unequal structures, being the site of a spatial competition for access to the benefits of density. Transportation infrastructures, and especially public transit, plays a major role in organizing spatial inequalities, since they provide distant land with access to urban agglomeration economies. Without access to transportation, one could not enjoy a full citizenship. Two types of equity issues may be at stake in the spatial economy. Vertical equity, that regards equal treatment between households with different resources, is particularly salient within cities, since the housing market sorts incomes by distance to amenities and agglomeration economies. Horizontal equity, that regards equal treatment between households with similar resources and income, is of particular concern between cities, since the availability of transportation infrastructure, and especially public transport, conditions access to urban benefits for many urbanites. In a context of reinforced urban segregation, acceleration of the concentration of activity and jobs in large metropolis, and rise of transportation costs that could result of the generalization of the carbon tax, such vertical and horizontal equity claims may become more salient in the next decades. This thesis examines three aspects of spatial equity, through the particular scope of transportation infrastructure. The first two chapters assess whether public transit investment should be directed to mitigate vertical equity claims within cities or horizontal equity claims between cities. The third chapter applies the reflections of the first two chapters to the specific case of the fuel carbon tax acceptability and wonders whether urban policies could ...

International audience ; This paper provides new evidence on why municipalities are often reluctant to integrate. Exploiting a French reform that made intermunicipal cooperation mandatory, I find that urban municipalities forced to integrate experienced a large increase in construction, consistent with NIMBYism explaining their resistance, while rural municipalities ended up with fewer local public services. I do not find the same effects for municipalities that had voluntarily integrated prior to the law, while both types of municipality enjoyed similar benefits in terms of public transport and fiscal revenues. These findings support the fact that municipalities resisted to avoid the local costs of integration.

International audience ; This paper provides new evidence on why municipalities are often reluctant to integrate. Exploiting a French reform that made intermunicipal cooperation mandatory, I find that urban municipalities forced to integrate experienced a large increase in construction, consistent with NIMBYism explaining their resistance, while rural municipalities ended up with fewer local public services. I do not find the same effects for municipalities that had voluntarily integrated prior to the law, while both types of municipality enjoyed similar benefits in terms of public transport and fiscal revenues. These findings support the fact that municipalities resisted to avoid the local costs of integration.

International audience ; This paper deals with the historical evolution of flood prevention institutions in the plain surrounding Grenoble, from 1219 to 1789. Based on an analysis of the existing scientific literature, we map the evolving relationship between the inhabitants and the public authorities to cope with flooding. For this purpose, we use the notion of hydro-social contract. We elaborate a grid based on historical institutionalism in order to examine the quality of the institutions coping with flood risk over time. Meanwhile we follow a critical approach in the sense that we look at flooding as an indicator of environmental inequalities. Our results enable the identification of three periods of time, each with its own way of providing the population with flood protection. We show a gradual transfer of responsibility for flood intervention, which moved from the feudal communities through to the city of Grenoble and finally to the central State. In terms of institutional arrangements, we highlight the changing structure of these institutions over time and also across the cognitive, normative and regulative stages. This paper presents finally the advent of a complex institutional regime that resulted in major freedom limitations to both the population and the rivers. ; Este artículo hace el trazado de la evolución histórica de las instituciones de protección contra las inundaciones en la planicie de Grenoble de 1219 a 1778. Apoyándonos en la noción de contrato hidro-social (Novalia et al., 2009; Dill & Pelling, 2010), nos proponemos modelizar la relación evolutiva que mantienen los habitantes con el poder público con relación al problema de las inundaciones. Desplegando un procedimiento fundado sobre el insitucionalismo histórico (Cleaver, 2015) nuestros resultados identifican tres configuraciones institucionales o « procedimientos regulatorios » distintos, que reflejan tres maneras de asegurar la protección contra las inundaciones. En términos de actores movilizados, ponemos también en evidencia una ...