Suchergebnisse

Regulatory sandboxes can be greatly beneficial for governments worldwide in developing flexible, evidence-based rules for artificial intelligence (AI) and promoting innovation. Unfortunately, several weaknesses of the European Union's proposed AI sandbox could undermine its long-term potential to help the continent remain globally competitive in a rapidly changing international AI landscape.

Abstract
This research attempts to study China's image in contemporary Arabic novels through four modal novels: The Queen Kisses the Dragon Over its Mouth by Amin Zaoui from Algeria, The Fleet of the Sun by Ali Al-Hajri from Qatar, Trilogy of Beidaihe and Spring and Autumn by Hanna Mina from Syria. The researcher seeks to answer the following questions. How was China represented in these novels as others? And how did these novels represent the self? Also, how did these novels delineate the relationships between self and others, from the perspectives of individuals and societies, culturally, politically, and economically? How is the aesthetics of these novels established?

This essay offers a discussion and critique of Alon Ben‐Meir's (2022) proposal entitled, "The Case for an Israeli‐Palestinian‐Jordanian Confederation: Why Now and How?" Incorporating elements of other viewpoints and prior proposals to add nuance, I explore Ben‐Meir's concerted attempt to think past the exemplary two‐state model for settling the Palestine and Israel conflict and to introduce thoughts on how policy makers and common actors can apply a confederal system later on. Given the entrenched one‐state reality, I argue that the liberation of Palestinians through emancipation in a solitary popularity‐based nation is the most thoughtfully clear option in contrast to many years of failed endeavors.

Le 01 Janvier 2023 sera certainement une date mémorable pour les finances publiques algériennes dont les règles du jeu seront radicalement transformées, non seulement en matière budgétaire mais également dans le domaine comptable. Cette double transformation institutionnelle simultanée, à nulle autre pareille, inscrira indéniablement l'Algérie dans le club très restreint des pays adoptant un budget axé sur les résultats appuyé par un système comptable en droits constatés avec au surplus une certification des comptes de l'Etat par un auditeur externe, en l'occurrence, la Cour des comptes, comme le ferait un commissaire aux comptes à l'égard d'une entreprise du secteur privé.Prenant appui sur les options théoriques et épistémologiques de l'isomorphisme institutionnel avec un focus particulier sur l'expérience française, le présent travail s'attèle à apporter des réponses, quand bien même balbutiantes, à l'identification des sources intellectuelles de cette double évolution institutionnelle, de sa temporalité, de sa consistance comme de ses entrepreneurs institutionnels et, chemin faisant, de ses pierres d'achoppement qui risquent d'en atténuer la portée et d'en dénaturer la philosophie.

This study analyzes the capital structure determinants in a sample of 207 non-financial Algerian enterprises (2013-2017).The Tobit-panel random effects model gives the following results: the firm-level determinants at the 1% level are : the profitability, the tangibility, the debt-tax shield DTS and the non-debt tax shield NDTS . A profitable company can easily take on debt at a low interest rate. The tangible assets are used as a collateral. The Algerian enterprises take on debt in order to benefit from the debt-tax deductibility. The positive impact of the DTS variable confirms the positive impact of the profitability variable. The debt-tax deductibility is useful when a company is profitable. The NDTS is an alternative funding source for the enterprises. For the state-owned subsample, the debt ratio decreases when the firm size increases. The small state-owned enterprises have a low self-financing. These enterprises are financed by the debt. For the services field subsample, the liquidity is used as a collateral.

The prevalence of nosocomial infections (NIs) is associated with different bacteria found in hospitals. These infections in their extreme conditions result in morbidity and mortality. This study aims to provide a detailed review of literary studies to identify the prevalence of nosocomial infections and antibiotic-resistance specifically in Middle Eastern countries. A literature review approach is followed in this study. It further identifies different causes and effects associated with nosocomial infections in the given regions. Relevant studies were used to extract important information, specifically related to the Middle Eastern countries. The findings indicated that nosocomial infections following antibiotic resistance are an emerging problem in Middle Eastern countries, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Most frequently reported NIs in Middle East in our review are bloodstream infections (BSIs) (50%) and surgical site infections (SSIs) (50%) followed by urinary tract infections (UTIs). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species among gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus among gram-positive bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Candida species are most reported pathogens involved in nosocomial infections and resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones antibiotics were significantly reported. However, most studies showed minimum resistance of pathogens against drug colistin. To control the growth rate of the given condition, government officials are suggested to ensure that hospitals follow adequate healthcare mechanisms. Also, sufficient education must be provided to the hospital staff about the causes and effects of the given disease.

Covid'19 n'est pas seulement une pandémie et une crise sanitaire, c'est également un choc économique sévère qui a touché aussi bien le monde developpé que le reste du monde et notamment l'Afrique. Dans plusieurs pays développés, des politiques économiques de relance et monétaires expansionnistes non conventionnelles ont été instaurées. L'adoption de ce type de politiques serait entravée en Afrique par plusieurs obstacles. Parmi lesquels figure en première ligne la faible inclusion financière. La banque est appelée à innover et à proposer de nouvelles solutions de financement aux entreprises victimes de la covid'19. Un changement du business model est aussi indispensable pour améliorer les taux de bancarisation en Afrique. L'émergence de nouvelle banque d'affaires nationales mais également régionale devraient permettre aux économies de cette région de renforcer son industrialisation et sa compétitive et de profiter pleinement des potentialités offertes par le continent africain surtout en période de crise de commerce international et de monter du protectionnisme. Le développement du financement alternatif devrait améliorer la résilience des économies de la région à faire face aux différents chocs exogènes.

Nabil A Nimer Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, JordanCorrespondence: Nabil A Nimer, Email n_nimer@philadelphia.edu.joAbstract: The prevalence of nosocomial infections (NIs) is associated with different bacteria found in hospitals. These infections in their extreme conditions result in morbidity and mortality. This study aims to provide a detailed review of literary studies to identify the prevalence of nosocomial infections and antibiotic-resistance specifically in Middle Eastern countries. A literature review approach is followed in this study. It further identifies different causes and effects associated with nosocomial infections in the given regions. Relevant studies were used to extract important information, specifically related to the Middle Eastern countries. The findings indicated that nosocomial infections following antibiotic resistance are an emerging problem in Middle Eastern countries, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Most frequently reported NIs in Middle East in our review are bloodstream infections (BSIs) (50%) and surgical site infections (SSIs) (50%) followed by urinary tract infections (UTIs). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species among gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus among gram-positive bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Candida species are most reported pathogens involved in nosocomial infections and resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones antibiotics were significantly reported. However, most studies showed minimum resistance of pathogens against drug colistin. To control the growth rate of the given condition, government officials are suggested to ensure that hospitals follow adequate healthcare mechanisms. Also, sufficient education must be provided to the hospital staff about the causes and effects of the given disease.Keywords: antibiotic-resistant threat, Middle East, nosocomial infection

Transfer pricing is defined as the setting of the price for goods sold and services rendered between related entities. For example, if a subsidiary company sells goods or renders services to its holding company or a sister company, the price charged is referred to as the transfer price. Transfer pricing can be used to manipulate profits and facilitate tax evasion. Therefore, it is important that countries enact transfer pricing legislation to prevent this. The United Nations (UN) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline documents form the basis for most global legislation and conventions dealing with transfer pricing. The over-arching goal of this research was to investigate whether transfer pricing legislation in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) aligns between SACU countries and with the OECD Guidelines and the UN Manual. The research applied a legal interpretive doctrinal research methodology and a qualitative research method. The data comprised primary legislation in the SACU countries, transfer pricing guidelines issued by revenue authorities in the SACU, OECD Guidelines, the UN Manual and journal articles. It was found in this study that certain aspects of transfer pricing legislation in the SACU are not fully aligned to each other and to the OECD Guidelines and the UN Manual. This study proposed recommendations to improve transfer pricing legislation in the SACU. These improvements include the introduction of transfer pricing legislation in Eswatini and Lesotho, and updating transfer pricing legislation in Namibia and South Africa in terms of the latest versions of the OECD Guidelines and the UN Manual. ; Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Accounting, 2022

AbstractThe family is often described as the foundation of Latino immigrant communities. Scholars interested in the political activism of Latino immigrants in the United States have consequently sought to examine the relationship between the family and recruitment to social movement participation. Overall, this research focuses on how the family can promote Latinos' political activism. However, less is known about the conditions under which the family may hinder activism. Family dynamics may be particularly demobilizing for certain segments of the Latino population with liminal or undocumented status. This article reviews two groups of the recent literature on Latino political mobilization: (a) social networks; and (b) collective action frames. By drawing on insights from social movement theory, the article concludes by arguing for more research that theorizes on the family as a group identity, powerfully enabling, and constraining Latino movement participation.