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The objective of this thesis is to evaluate how the use of language creates bonds among cross-cultural communities. Language is an important aspect of human relationships because it is the primary way of communication. The use of language becomes more vital and intricate in cross-cultural communities due to the fact that language reflects culture. Another objective that will be evaluated is the challenges faced when using different languages in cross-cultural communities and how these barriers impact the bond created in cross-cultural communities. The significance of language in cross-cultural communities is becoming a more prominent topic in development literature and social studies on a global scale. The operational principles and mindset of a community are developed and expressed in their methods of thinking, behaving, and engaging with the outside world through language and culture. Language has an essential role in integrating economic, political, and social changes, as well as other developing towns, which are intertwined with the cultures of these communities. The concepts of cross-cultural communities are built on the interconnections of various cultural and environmental elements. Secondary data were used to gather information for the topic of interest in this thesis and content analysis was used to examine the data gathered. The preservation of indigenous languages is vital to many people today because it protects their cultural heritage, just as language has always been a significant force in communities as a means of preserving one's own culture or controlling other people groups.

سعت هذه الدراسة إلى تقصي التوظيف السياسي للبرامج التلفزيونية الحوارية في أوقات الصراعات السياسة خاصة، وذلك بالتطبيق على برنامج "الليوان" الذي جرى بثه على قناة "روتانا خليجية" خلال شهر رمضان المبارك من العام 2019، وبلغت حلقاته 29 حلقة. ومن أهم ما انتهت إليه الدراسة مجيء كل من تيار الصحوة، وقطر، والمعارضة السعودية، والإخوان المسلمون في مقدمة الموضوعات والقضايا التي تناولها البرنامج، أما بالنسبة للقوى الفاعلة في بناء الخطاب الإعلامي حول هذه الموضوعات والقضايا، فقد جاء في مقدمة ذلك أسامة بن لادن، تلاه المعارض السعودي سعد الفقيه، فالمعارض السعود محمد المسعري، ثم ولي العهد السعودي؛ محمد بن سلمان، في حين تمثلت أبرز الكلمات والجمل المحورية في كل من مواجهة الدولة، والحاكمية، وفرض الوصاية الصحوية على المجتمع. ووظف البرنامج عددا من الاستراتيجيات والأساليب الاتصالية، أبرزها تركز في استراتيجية العملية، فالمواجهة والاتهام، ثم عرض مقاطع من فيديوهات سابقة، كما استند إلى عدد من الطروحات جاء في مقدمتها الطروحات المتعلقة بالصحوة، تلاها الطروحات الخاصة بالإخوان المسلمين، ثم قطر، ثم الطروحات الخاصة بالشريط الإسلامي، فتلك الخاصة بولي العهد السعودي، وفيا يتعلق بمسارات البرهنة التي استند إليها الخطاب الإعلامي الوارد في برنامج "الليوان"، فقد تمثل في السرد القصصي والتاريخي، والاستشهاد بآيات قرآنية، ثم الاستشهاد بالأحاديث والسيرة النبوية. ; This study aims to investigate how television talk shows are politically employed, especially in times of political conflict between Qatar on one side and Saudi Arabia on the other. Its focus is on AlLewan program that was broadcast on Rotana Khalejia channel during Ramadan 2019. The program includes 29 episodes. The study finds that Alshawa [the awakening] Movement, Qatar, the Saudi opposition, and the Muslim Brotherhood are the top issues addressed in the program. Main actors of the discourse in the program include Osama bin Laden, Saudi opposed Saad Al-Faqih and Mohammed Almasa'ari, and the Saudi crown prince. The most emotionally loaded words and phrases are used to construct a call for facing the state, to ascertain the domination of Allah, and to impose awakening guardianship on the society. The program uses a number of communication strategies and techniques, including communication process strategy, confrontation and accusation, and the showing of clips from previous videos. The program applies several argumentative tools related to the Alshawa, Muslim Brotherhood, Qatar, Islamic cassette tape, the Saudi Crown Prince. These tools include the narrative technique, the use of historical narratives, citations from Qur'anic verses as well as hadiths and prophetic biography.

Water is crucial for all known forms of life without providing any calories or organic nutrients, while many people, especially in developing countries, may not be able to access pure and safe drinking water. They could lose their lives or become sick because waterborne diseases could contaminate the water, and when the chemical and/or physical properties of the water are not within the national and international standards. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate water quality of the Halabja drinking water and Sirwan river. Halabja city is located to north of Iraq, north-east of the capital Baghdad. Every week of the year 2019, apart from official holidays, water samples were collected from each of river and several areas (4-10 sections) in Halabja for the bacteriological analysis, while chemical and physical water quality was monthly checked. The results showed no detectable waterborne pathogens in all drinking water samples. Additionally, values of pH, turbidity, total dissolved substances, and electrical conductivity of the purified water samples had ranges of 7.97–8.5, 0.02-0.8 NTU, 246–362 mg/L, and 383–566 µS/cm, respectively. The treated drinking water was free of Free Residual Chlorine (FRC) and nitrite. The amounts of chloride, sulfate, and nitrate varied during the year 2019, with ranges of 48.2- 73.8, 36-141.5, and 1-5 mg/L, respectively. The values of water hardness and Ca+2 and Mg+2 concentrations ranged 132- 344, 48–89.5, and 2.2-29.2 mg/L, respectively. Based on the results, values of all the above parameters were within the Iraqi and the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards, although the value of water hardness and the concentration of Ca+2 were near the upper limits of the standards, which might cause harm to the human body.

The social security fund operated as a community collective system prior to the colonial period. The colonial government proposed establishing a provident fund for African workers. They noted that the pension scheme was not favorable because it required the investment of significant resources and subsidies by the government. Following independence, the Kenyan government announced the implementation of social security for its people. The National Social Security Fund (NSSF) was established by an Act of parliament Cap 258 in November 1965, however, contributions began in July 1966 to allow it to operate as the National Provident Fund. Since her independence Kenya has undergone several pension reforms, culminating in the enactment of the NSSF Act in 2013. The pension scheme has received significant attention from the Muslim clerics. Some fatawa have been issued stating that the retirement benefits are not Sharī'ah compliant. This situation might jeopardize the retirement goal and put the retirees in financial difficulty by denying them their benefits. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the conformity of Sharī'ah in Kenya's pension fund operation. Inductive method was used to examine the operational methods of the social security fund from both the perspectives of pension scheme and Islamic jurisprudence in order to mutually integrate them. Likewise, the researchers used the analytical approach to clarify the opinions of the Muslim scholars regarding the pension scheme products and to highlight some areas of inconsistency with Islamic law in order to provide Islamic alternatives. The results showed that pension scheme funds are inconsistent with Islamic law. Therefore, it is recommended for NSSF to open Islamic windows to meet the demands of the Muslim workers seeking Sharī'ah compliant products / services.

The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) has more water resources than the rest of Iraq to the point that it can be water sufficient if water resources are well managed, nevertheless these resources are currently facing depletion and they are increasingly polluted. This paper reviews water use practice in KRI and its existing laws on water from the sustainability point of view. It finds that the current practice of water use is devastating to water sustainability and that the laws need further improvement and better enforcement on the ground.

The social security fund operated as a community collective system prior to the colonial period. The colonial government proposed establishing a provident fund for African workers. They noted that the pension scheme was not favorable because it required the investment of significant resources and subsidies by the government. Following independence, the Kenyan government announced the implementation of social security for its people. The National Social Security Fund (NSSF) was established by an Act of parliament Cap 258 in November 1965, however, contributions began in July 1966 to allow it to operate as the National Provident Fund. Since her independence Kenya has undergone several pension reforms, culminating in the enactment of the NSSF Act in 2013. The pension scheme has received significant attention from the Muslim clerics. Some fatawa have been issued stating that the retirement benefits are not Sharī'ah compliant. This situation might jeopardize the retirement goal and put the retirees in financial difficulty by denying them their benefits. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the conformity of Sharī'ah in Kenya's pension fund operation. Inductive method was used to examine the operational methods of the social security fund from both the perspectives of pension scheme and Islamic jurisprudence in order to mutually integrate them. Likewise, the researchersused the analytical approach to clarify the opinions of the Muslim scholars regarding the pension scheme products and to highlight some areas of inconsistency with Islamic law in order to provide Islamic alternatives. The results showed that pension scheme funds are inconsistent with Islamic law. Therefore, it is recommended for NSSF to open Islamic windows to meet the demands of the Muslim workers seeking Sharī'ah compliant products / services. Keywords: Islamic jurisprudence, Kenya, National Social Security Fund (NSSF), Pension reforms

This study sought to assess the perceptions illiterate mothers on birth control and the control measures practice in Zamfara State using some selected Local Government Area (LGA) as case study. The descriptive survey research design was adopted. The study population consisted of all nursing but illiterate mothers in Zamfara State. Four hundred (400) illiterate mothers were selected sampled out of the study population using stratified simple random sampling technique. Two research questions and four null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the 0.05 levels of significance. The study made use of questionnaire as research instrument. The instrument was subjected to face and content validity by three (3) medical practitioners from Federal Medical Centre Gusau. The data collected from the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and Standard deviation) and the t-test statistical analysis was used to test the null hypotheses. Findings from the study revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the Pre-test findings and the findings after being exposed to measures to be taken in birth control; There was a statistically significant difference between the Pre-test findings and the findings after being exposed to factors that contribute to their not utilizing some birth control measures and advised on the way forward.

This study sought to assess the perceptions illiterate mothers on birth control and the control measures practice in Zamfara State using some selected Local Government Area (LGA) as case study. The descriptive survey research design was adopted. The study population consisted of all nursing but illiterate mothers in Zamfara State. Four hundred (400) illiterate mothers were selected sampled out of the study population using stratified simple random sampling technique. Two research questions and four null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the 0.05 levels of significance. The study made use of questionnaire as research instrument. The instrument was subjected to face and content validity by three (3) medical practitioners from Federal Medical Centre Gusau. The data collected from the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and Standard deviation) and the t-test statistical analysis was used to test the null hypotheses. Findings from the study revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the Pre-test findings and the findings after being exposed to measures to be taken in birth control; There was a statistically significant difference between the Pre-test findings and the findings after being exposed to factors that contribute to their not utilizing some birth control measures and advised on the way forward.