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The purpose of this paper is to find the relationship between public expenditure in the educational sector and the economic growth in Indonesia since the government decided to spend 20% of the state budget on education. We used time series data from 1988 to 2018 and the Cobb–Douglas production function as an economic theory for measurement. In the methodology, we employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound tests to find the relationship between variables. The results show that public expenditure on education has an insignificant relationship in the long- and short-term estimation. However, they both have different directions, which is a positive relationship in long-term and a negative relationship in short-term estimation. Meanwhile, gross fixed capital formation shows a positive relationship, and the labour variable has a negative relationship in the short and long terms. In conclusion, the Indonesian government should manage the education system regarding the relationship between education expenditure and economic growth.

The purpose of this paper is to find the relationship between public expenditure in the educational sector and the economic growth in Indonesia since the government decided to spend 20% of the state budget on education. We used time series data from 1988 to 2018 and the Cobb-Douglas production function as an economic theory for measurement. In the methodology, we employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound tests to find the relationship between variables. The results show that public expenditure on education has an insignificant relationship in the long- and short-term estimation. However, they both have different directions, which is a positive relationship in long-term and a negative relationship in short-term estimation. Meanwhile, gross fixed capital formation shows a positive relationship, and the labour variable has a negative relationship in the short and long terms. In conclusion, the Indonesian government should manage the education system regarding the relationship between education expenditure and economic growth.

Background: There is a high rate of consanguinity in Saudi Arabia; however, information on its relationship with genetic disorders is limited Aim of study: to study the relationship between consanguinity and the common inherited diseases in the eastern province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Material & Methods: An online questionnaire was used to obtain the data. SPSS v21 program was used to analyze that data with size of 294 samples. Results: The study findings in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia population with a high rate of consanguinity, it shows that there is a significant increase in the prevalence of hereditary diseases, like anemia, diabetes, cancer, cardiac problems, loss of sense and some other diseases. The main causes of consanguinity proved by the study were the couple agreement, following the traditions, and that people are not aware enough of the consequences. Conclusion: In a population with a high rate of consanguinity, an action was taken by Saudi Arabia government about making premarital test mandatory. Key words: Consanguinity. Genetic diseases. Eastern province.

Petroleum economics is the field that studies human utilization of petroleum resources and the consequences of that utilization. Petroleum use allows the production of energy. Resources can be regarded as renewable or depletable; petroleum falls into the latter category, which can have an effect on pricing strategies. Crude oil is one of the main natural feedstocks used to meet energy demands and price variation has a significant influence on the society development. A large amount of research suggests that oil price fluctuations have considerable consequences on economic activity. These consequences are expected to be different in oil importing and in oil exporting countries. Whereas an oil price increase should be considered positive news in oil exporting countries and negative news in oil importing countries, the reverse should be expected when the oil price decreases. The paper investigates the co-movements and causality relationship between oil prices and GDP of selected oil exporting countries. Our assumption is decreasing oil prices have a negative impact on the GDP of such countries.

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 4(1), 2013 ; This paper looks at the present standing of e-commerce in Saudi Arabia as well as the challenges and strengths of Business to Customers (B2C) electronic commerce. Many studies have been conducted around the world in order to gain a better understanding of the demands needs and effectiveness of online commerce. A study was undertaken to review the literature identifying the factors influencing the adoption and diffusion of B2C e-commerce. It found four distinct categories: businesses customers environmental and governmental support which must all be considered when creating an e-commerce infrastructure. A concept matrix was used to provide a comparison of important factors in different parts of the world. The study found that e-commerce in Saudi Arabia was lacking in Governmental support as well as relevant involvement by both customers and retailers. ; http://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume4No1/Paper_13-A_Study_of_Influential_Factors_in_the_Adoption_and_Diffusion_of_B2C_E-Commerce.pdf

This paper explores the issues that influence online retailing in Saudi Arabia. Retailers in Saudi Arabia have been reserved in their adoption of electronically delivered aspects of their business. Despite the fact that Saudi Arabia has the largest and fastest growth of ICT marketplaces in the Arab region, e-commerce activities are not progressing at the same speed. Only very few Saudi companies, mostly medium and large companies from the manufacturing sector, are involved in e-commerce implementation. Based on qualitative data collected by conducting interviews with 16 retailers and 16 potential customers in Saudi Arabia, several factors influencing online retailing diffusion in Saudi Arabia are identified. However, government support comes the highest and most influencing factor for online retailing growth as identified by both parties; retailers and potential customers in Saudi Arabia.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse 12 assessment tools of sustainability in universities and develop the structure and the contents of these tools to be more intelligible. The configuration of the tools reviewed highlight indicators that clearly communicate only the essential information. This paper explores how the theoretical concept of a sustainable university is translated into more measurable variables to support practitioners and academics in assessing sustainability in universities.


Design/methodology/approach
The main method for this paper was a desk study approach, which incorporated reviewing research papers, graduate theses, academic books, network platforms and websites.


Findings
The tools reviewed share similar traits in terms of criteria, sub-criteria and indicators. Five benchmarks are essential for a holistic framework: management; academia; environment; engagement and innovation.


Practical implications
This research can not only be used to improve existing assessment tools but also as a means to develop new tools tailored for universities that face a variety of challenges and lack the ability to measure their sustainability policies.


Social implications
Making higher education more sustainable through all the criteria mentioned influences students, as well as staff, to maintain a culture of sustainability.


Originality/value
This study contributes to the literature by simplifying and detailing the structure and contents of the tools in a way which indicators are shown, giving a full picture of these tools to enable universities to be more aware of the sustainability issues that affect them.

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 2(9), 2011 ; This paper contributes to the issue of eGovernment implementation in Saudi Arabia by discussing the current situation of ministry websites. It evaluates the rate of web development progress of vital government websites in Saudi Arabia using the eGovernment stage model. In 2010, Saudi Arabia ranked 58th in the world and 4th in the Gulf region in eGovernment readiness according to United Nations reports. In particular, Saudi Arabia has ranked 75th worldwide for its online service index and its components compared to the neighbouring Gulf country of Bahrain, which was ranked 8th for the same index. While this is still modest in relation to the Saudi government's expectation concerning its vision for eGovernment implementation for 2010, and the results achieved by the neighbouring Gulf countries such as Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the eGovernment index, the Saudi government has endeavoured to meet the public needs concerning eGovernment and carry out the implementation of eGovernment properly. Governments may heed the importance of actively launching official government websites – the focus of this study – as the main portals for delivering their online services to all the different categories of eGovernment (including G2C, G2B, and G2G). However, certain Saudi ministries have not given due attention to this vital issue. This is evidenced by the fact that some of their websites are not fully developed or do not yet exist, which clearly impedes that particular ministry from appropriately delivering eServices. ; http://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume2No9/Paper 14 - EGovernment Stage Model Evaluating the Rate of Web Development Progress of Government Websites in Saudi Arabia.pdf