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Corruption is an urgent issue that must be overcome, in order to achieve healthy economic growth. Various notes on corruption that are always preached by the mass media both print and electronic, illustrated the increase and development of corruption models. Anti-corruption rhetoric is not enough to resolve / dismiss this disgraceful practice. Legislation that is part of the legal politics made by the government, becomes meaning less, if not accompanied by seriousness to manifestation of existing legislation. Legal politics is not enough, if there is no recovery of the executor or the perpetrators of the law. This study aims to find out how the political economic implications of corruption in Indonesia, and what strategies can be done to minimize corruption practices and how multiplier effect for the efficiency and effectiveness of economic development in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative method with descriptive approach. In this case researchers describe the results of research. Therefore, researchers conducted observations and interviews then analyzed it with data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusions. The results can be concluded that the eradication of corruption as if only a political commodity, powerful material rhetoric attract sympathy. Therefore, civil society's intelligence is needed to monitor and make political decisions to prevent the corruption of corruption in Indonesia. It is not easy to eliminate corruption but should be sought to minimize corruption.

PurposeBoard size is an important dimension of corporate governance. The purpose of this study is to propose and test indirect effects of organization size on organizational performance via board size, in the context of industry.Design/methodology/approachThe study's predictions were tested in 288 medium and large organizations listed on the Australian Securities Exchange using archival data.FindingsThe findings of this study suggest the following: organization size is positively associated with board size and this relationship is stronger in manufacturing organizations; board size is positively associated with performance and this relationship is conditional on industry; and organization size has an indirect effect on performance via board size, and this indirect effect is also conditional on industry.Research limitations/implicationsThe results provide some support for the resource dependency theory, agency theory and contingency theory.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that directors should take into account the effects of board size and industry to provide a more precise assessment of the board's performance.Originality/valueIt predicts and tests the pioneering moderating effect of industry (manufacturing vs services) on the organization size–board size, board size–organizational performance and organization size–board size–organizational performance relationships.

Terrorism is a serious security problem in Indonesia as indicated by a suicide bomb attack in Solo church and mosque in the Cirebon Police office complex (2011), JW Marriot (2009) and a series of terror attacks before. This article discusses the international context and the implications for the government's counter-terrorism policy. The extent to which international factors affect the government's counter-terrorism policy during the years 2001-2004? This period is considered important because it is a critical period in the war against terrorism. The argument is that global context "War on Terrorism" major impact on the direction of counter-terrorism policy in Indonesia. Led by United States (USA) and supported by its allies, international pressure has forced the government of Indonesia previously impressed hesitate to take crucial steps: for example, the application of anti-terrorism law, the arrest of the perpetrators of acts of terrorism and the "spiritual leader" of Al-Jama'ah Al-Islamiyah (Ajai)) and the prohibition Ajai. The U.S. and its allies are using a combination of instruments - in the form of an intensive diplomatic channels, financial support, technical assistance and anti-terrorism pledge to abolish the military embargo - to persuade the government that initially reluctant to follow perspective and American pressure. This article also argues that, although the government has received several international pressure and reject others because of domestic political considerations, international influence has strengthened the government's determination and capability of agents in combating terror network in Indonesia.Keywords : Indonesia, war on terror, international pressures, counterterrorism policy

Abstract: As human being do not be quit of communicate with others, where he represent the core of from social interaction which various intention and pattern consist in it. Old fellow communications with its child will differ in comparison with communications a lecturer with its student. So also will differ also its meaning of communications conducted by politician with its constituent is compared to communications conducted by a counselor with its client. Last type communications become emphasis in this article in the effort articulating communications when brought to domain of counseling. Its meaning will far leave for behind with communications between reporter with its resource person. Although both of the same is using of communications with interview, but communications of counseling not even look for fact about this topic of that studied, but also deeper than meant to communicate itself candidly is, open, esteeming is human of client, which is on its innings for the shake of its problem of faced by client as target of early strarting of a process of counseling. In this article, writer try to deepen farther mean communications of counseling from some approach in theory of counseling, owning elementary difference see communications process of counseling, although them agree about is important of meaning him a communications of counseling. Keywords: Komunikasi, Konseling dan Interaksi.

"The Clash of Civilizations" adalah sebuah metafora kontroversial yang berkembang di politik global pasca perang dingin. Diperkenalkan oleh Samuel Huntington, metafora tersebut menyarankan bahwa politik dunia mengalami konfigurasi ulang yang "fault line" antara budaya menggantikan batasan politik dan ideologi sebagai "flashpoint krisis dan pertumpahan darah". Tujuan dari artikel adalah untuk mengkaji secara kritis proposisi dan asumsi teoretikal yang menguatkan tesis. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proposisi tidak berdasar dan asumsi teoretikal dibalik argumen kurang dapat dipercaya. Ini memperdebatkan bahwa "clash of civilizations" merupakan mitos belaka.

The nuclearization and proliferation of nuclear weapons in South Asia is always remaining a matter of international concern, particularly since the two newest entrants to the nuclear club have an adversarial relationship. The series of nuclear tests conducted by, India and Pakistan in 1998, have confirmed their nuclear capability. The possibility of a nuclear conflict between both countries cannot be ruled out by the world community. Since 1998, an endless debate has begun in the West, expressing apprehension on a nuclear arms race and proliferation of nuclear weapon and accidental or intentional use of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). The nuclear tests was criticized by the whole world, especially by the major powers which decided to impose sanctions on both countries and stressed to sign the NPT and CTBT immediately. Due to internal pressure both countries not only refute to sign these treaties but process of nuclearization is still in progress. The main purpose of the article is to examine the perception of the EU during 1971 till 1998 towards this sensitive issue related to nuclearization and proliferation of nuclear weapons in South Asia region.

SummaryPreference for children of either sex is considered a constraint on fertility decline as it induces many couples to keep adding on surviving children in the hope of having a desired sex composition of children. However, preferences for children of a particular sex may differ in relation to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of women, traditional values and cultural practices, such as propagating a family name, providing economic advantages, and obtaining a medium of social and economic security in times of illness, unemployment and old age. Utilizing the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2001–02), this paper aims at investigating the existence of sex preference and examines sex preference differentials by different attributes of women in Pakistan. The results reveal that there is a desire to have another child in the presence of all children of one sex, either sons or daughters. The desire to have a son with only or mostly daughters, however, is stronger than the desire to have a daughter with only or mostly sons. This behaviour will retard fertility decline unless there is a shift in the desire to have children of both sexes in Pakistan.

Pakistan is a country facing relatively high rates of
population growth due to high fertility and decline in mortality rates.
This is not only depleting scarce resources but also contributing
significantly to environmental degradation. It is, therefore, desirable
to know; why fertility rates in Pakistan remain high despite the
nationwide family planning coverage since 1965? The objective of this
study, therefore, is to establish trends and patterns of fertility among
different ethnic groups (on the basis of languages spoken) in Pakistan.
The study also explores the major reasons for different fertility
behaviour. This is because; there are variety of languages spoken
throughout the country having distinct norms, traditions and other
customs which directly or indirectly influence fertility and fertility
related decisions. The study found that the Balochi or Brohi speaking
women had the most children, Sindhi and Pushto speaking women are the
women with the second highest fertility levels, Punjabis with the lowest
and Urdu speaking almost matching them. The study attributes the high
fertility levels among some ethnic groups to low level of education,
lower age at first marriage, higher demand for children and greater
value placed on number of children. It is also found that fertility
levels are high among those ethnic groups who have little knowledge and
less use of contraceptives. On the basis of findings, study provides
guideline to policy-makers, planners and family planning personnel's for
policy formation to facilitate reduction of fertility in particular
context and to target specific sub-groups of population.

Weighted voting systems play a crucial role in the investigation and modeling of manyengineering structures and political and socio-economic phenomena. There is an urgentneed to describe these systems in a simplified powerful mathematical way that can begeneralized to systems of any size. An elegant description of voting systems is presentedin terms of threshold Boolean functions. This description benefits considerably fromthe wealth of information about these functions, and of the potpourri of algebraic andmap techniques for handling them. The paper demonstrates that the prime implicantsof the system threshold function are its Minimal Winning Coalitions (MWC). Thepaper discusses the Boolean derivative (Boolean difference) of the system thresholdfunction with respect to each of its member components. The prime implicants of thisBoolean difference can be used to deduce the winning coalitions (WC) in which thepertinent member cannot be dispensed with. Each of the minterms of this Booleandifference is a winning coalition in which this member plays a pivotal role. However,the coalition ceases to be winning if the member defects from it. Hence, the numberof these minterms is identified as the Banzhaf index of voting power. The conceptsintroduced are illustrated with detailed demonstrative examples that also exhibit someof the known paradoxes of voting- system theory. Finally, the paper stresses the utilityof threshold Boolean functions in the understanding, study, analysis, and design ofweighted voting systems irrespective of size.

Abstract:A child is a mandate from Allah all the mighty born to this world in holy form. A child is a young generation is a continuation ofstates' aims and a source of national development.A child needs a guidance and special attention especially from their parents and government to achieve maximal physical,mental, and spiritual development. Legal sources towards child committing crime in Indonesia is ruled in the Act Number 3,1997 regarding Juvenile Court then completed by the Act Number 11,2012 concerning Juvenile Criminal Justice System. Therefore, if a child committing crime, the violator would be processed by the laws.The Act Number11, 2012 concerning Juvenile Justice Systemprefersrestoratif justiceapproach in dealing with the child committing crime.Inaccordance with Islamic law, a child commits crime will not be punished by any kind of punishment (hudud), qishas/diyat or ta'zir. A punishment for the child who commits crime is burdened on the parents because they are obliged to educate them to be good people. If children become violators meaning that the parents do not do their duties, hence the parents should take this responsibility and the consequence, by punishing them. Keywords : Juvenile Conviction, Islamic and Indonesia Criminal Laws. Abstrak: Anak merupakan amanah Allah SWT yang terlahir kedunia ini dalam keadaan fitrah (suci).Anak sebagai generasi muda merupakan penerus cita-cita perjuangan bangsa dan sumber daya manusia bagi pembangunan nasional.Seorang anak memerlukan pembinaan serta perhatian secara khusus, terutama orangtua mereka dan pemerintahuntukmencapai perkembangan fisik, mental dan spritual secara maksimal.Aturan hukum terhadap anak yang melakukan tindak pidana di Indonesia diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengadilan Anak kemudian disempurnakan melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Anak. Oleh karena itu, jika anak melakukan tindak pidana maka anak tersebut akan diproses secara hukum berdasarkan undang-undang tersebut.Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistim Peradilan Anak lebih mengutamakan diversi dalam bentuk restoratif justice dalam hal menanganiperkara anak yang terbukti melakukan tindakpidana. Menurut hukum Islam, Anak yang melakukan tindak pidanatidak akan dikenakan sanksi apapun baik hukuman hudud, qishas/diyat ataupun ta'zir. Pidana bagi anak-anak yang bersalah dalam Islam dibebankan kepada orang tuanya, karena orangtua wajib mendidik anak-anaknya agar menjadi orang baik-baik. Apabila anak menjadi penjahat berarti orang tua tidak melaksanakan kewajibannya dengan baik, maka orang tualah yang menanggung akibatnya, yaitu diberi sanksi karena kelalaiannya. Kata Kunci ;pemidanaananak , hukum Islam danhukumPidana Indonesia.