Suchergebnisse

This article discusses the variation in response to the advent of the Portuguese on the Malabar Coast by different Muslim literary and intellectual figures. It is argued that certain Arabic sources dealing with the history of Islam in Malabar and with jihād against the encroaching Portuguese in fact reveal cleavages and antagonisms within learned Muslim opinion. Both the content of these Arabic texts and the choice of genre by their authors are indicative of this internal conflict within the Malabar Muslim community. Thus, any view positing a monolithic or essentialist view of Malabar Muslims as such becomes untenable. One well-known and previously translated work, Tuḥfat al-Mujāhidīn, by the well-known Malabari scholar Zain al-Din al-Ma'bari has been misunderstood as entirely representative of the totality of opinion within the Malabari Muslim community. However, it will be argued that a second and hitherto understudied set of texts reveal another, and, startlingly different viewpoint. All these works are clearly products of the conceptual world of jihādi discourse but present sharply opposed prescriptions for collective Muslim actions within Kerala. These divergent prescriptions are rooted in differing historical narratives and imaginaries capable of addressing a perceived profound crisis confronting Malabar Muslims.

Amer Kaissi Department of Health Care Administration, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA Abstract: Retail clinics represent a major innovation with a radical value proposition in American health care: convenient locations and hours, walk-in care, short waiting times, and transparent pricing. Many organizations, groups, associations, and individual providers affect and are affected by retail clinics. The main winners from the retail clinic trend are insurance companies and third-party payers, nonphysician providers, employers, and patients. The main losers are primary care physicians and medical group practices, and possibly emergency departments and urgent care clinics. Hospital systems are either potential winners or losers, depending on their ability to collaborate with, become subcontractors for, and extend services of retail clinics. Research evidence suggests that retail clinics represent a low-cost, high-quality, and convenient alternative to traditional primary care physician offices and hospital emergency rooms. Given their recent growth and strategies of directly addressing problems surrounding care convenience, they constitute a form of innovation in health care. However, they do not seem to follow the traditional path of disruptive innovations displacing sustaining ones. Rather, due to legislative and other factors, retail clinics are now being adopted by traditional organizations such as hospital systems. In the last few years, there have been many signs that clinic operators are seeking to change the model by expanding the scope of services offered into chronic disease management. It is not clear whether these strategies are sustainable. Keywords: retail clinics, hospitals, quality, convenience, patient satisfaction, disruptive innovation

The study analyzes disputes and dispute management in the South China Sea. The progress made is outlined through an overview and analysis of formally settled disputes. The unsettled disputes are identified, analyzed, and assessed. The study concludes with a broader assessment from the perspective of dispute management.

This study analyses the representation of social actors in reports on the Gaza war of 2008-09 in four international newspapers: The Guardian, The Times London, The New York Times and The Washington Post. The study draws on three analytical frameworks from the area of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) models: the transitivity model by Halliday (1985/1994), the sociosemantic inventory by Van Leeuwen (1996), and the classification of quotation patterns by Richardson (2007). The sample of this study consists of all headlines (146) of the relevant news stories and a non-random sample of (40) news stories and (7) editorials. To give statistical estimations for the qualitative analysis, the study examines the frequency distributions of linguistic and representational processes. The findings indicate that Israeli politicians and Palestinian civilians are the most frequently included and quoted actors across the four selected newspapers. The analysis shows substantial similarities in representation patterns among the four newspapers. More specifically, the selected newspapers foreground Israeli agency in achieving a ceasefire and targeting Hamas, whereby Israeli actors are predominantly assigned (1) transitivity processes e.g. behavioural, verbal and material processes, and (2) activated roles. By contrast, the four newspapers foreground Palestinian agency in refusing ceasefire and firing rockets through (1) assigning the Palestinian actors relational and material processes, and (2) activated roles. These agency realisations indicate that Israel reacts to Hamas' firing of rockets, i.e. reactions to actions. Within these patterns of representation, civilian actors on both sides are treated equally in facing consequences of war, i.e. balancing suffering of Israeli and Palestinian civilian actors although thenumber of Palestinian casualties is distinctively higher. In quotation patterns, the selected newspapers show Israeli efforts towards achieving ceasefire and justification for targeting Hamas and are drawing on Israeli news sources, e.g. Ha'aretz and Yedioth Ahronoth in quoting Israelis. On the contrary, the newspapers show Hamas' rejection and conditions for a ceasefire agreement, calling for fighting Israel, and suffering of Palestinian civilians from consequences of war. The newspapers refer to Al-Jazeera and Hamas' TV – in quoting Hamas leaders, e.g. Khaled Meshal and Musa abu Marzouq. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that news reports on the Gaza war of 2008-09 are influenced by (a) political orientations of the newspapers, (b) editorial policies, and (c) journalistic practices. The most represented actors are Israeli governmental officials, whereas Palestinian actors are Hamas members. This representation draws an overall image that the war is being directed against Hamas. ; The vorliegende Studie analysiert die Darstellung sozialer Akteure in der Berichterstattung über den Gaza-Krieg 2008-2009 von vier internationalen Zeitungen: The Guardian, The Times London, The New York Times und The Washington Post. Die Studie greift dabei zurück auf drei Analyserahmen aus dem Modell-Bereich der Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): das Trasnititvitätsmodell von Halliday (1985/1994), das "socio-semantic inventory" von Van Leeuwen (1996) und die Klassifizierung von Zitationsmustern nach Richardson (2007). Die Stichprobe der Studie besteht aus allen Überschriften (146) relevanter Nachrichten und einer nicht-randomisierten Stichprobe aus (40) Berichten und 7 Leitartikeln. Um eine statistische Einschätzung für die qualitative Analyse zu geben, untersucht die Studie die Häufigkeitsverteilungen von linguistischensprachlichen Zuschreibungen und Repräsentationsprozessen. The Ergebnisse zeigen, dass israelische Politiker und palästinensische Zivilisten zeitungsübergreifend die am häufigsten dargestellten und zitierten Akteure sind. Die Analyse weist substantielle Ähnlichkeiten in den Darstellungsmustern der vier untersuchten Zeitungen aus. Genauer gesagt, betonen die ausgewählten Zeitungen diejenigen israelischen Handlungen, einen Waffenstillstand zu erreichen und die Hamas militärisch zu treffen. Dadurch werden den israelischen Akteuren vorwiegend (1) transitive Prozesse, z.B. handlungsbezogene, verbale und materielle Prozesse und (2) die aktive Rolle zugewiesen. Im Gegensatz dazu stellen die vier Zeitungen die palästinensischen Handlungen in den Vordergrund, den Waffenstillstand abzulehnen und weiter mit Raketen zu schießen, indem sie (1) den palästinensichen Akteuren relationale und materielle Prozesse als (2) aktive Rolle zuschreiben. Diese Handlungszuschreibungen indizieren, dass Israel auf den Raketenbeschuss der Hamas reagiert, d.h. dass es sich um Reaktionen auf Aktionen handelt. Innerhalb dieser Repräsentationsmuster werden die zivilen Akteure beider Seiten in Bezug auf ihre Kriegeserfahrungen gleichgesetzt, d.h. das Leiden der israelischen und palästinensischen Zivilisten werden gegeneinander aufgewogen, obwohl die palästinensischen Opferzahlen deutlich höher sind. Die Zitationsmuster der ausgewählten Zeitungen zeigen die israelischen Bemühungen, einen Waffenstillstand zu erreichen und die Angriffe auf die Hamas zu rechtfertigen und ziehen dabei israelische Nachrichtenquellen – wie zum Beispiel Ha'aretz und Yedioth Ahronoth – hinzu, wenn Israelis zitiert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen die Zeitungen die Ablehnung des bzw. die Bedingungen für einen Waffenstillstand seitens der Hamas, deren Aufrufe zum Kampf gegen Israel und das Leiden der palästinensischen Zivilbevölkerung unter den Kriegsfolgen. Die Zeitungen stützen sich auf Al-Jazeera und den Fernsehsender der Hamas, um Hamasführer wie Chalid Maschal und Mussa Abu Marsuk zu zitieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie legen den Schluss nahe, dass die Berichte über den Gazakrieg 2008-2009 von folgenden Faktoren beeinflusst sind: a) der politischen Ausrichtung der Zeitungen, b) der Redaktionslinie, c) den journalistischen Praktiken. Die am meisten repräsentierten Akteure sind israelische Regierungsmitarbeiter, auf palästinensischer Seite hingegen Hamas-Mitglieder. Diese Darstellung trägt zu dem Gesamtbild bei, dass der Krieg gegen die Hamas gerichtet sei.

The current study examines the impact of community structural instability on the suicidal behaviors of the indigenous community of the Bedoon in Kuwait. I hypothesize that the Bedoon's lack of documentation and limited opportunities in Kuwait, combined with community structural instability, increase suicide ideation and attempts. The contextual influence of community structural instability should be mediated by weak attachments to social norms and values (anomie) and by contact with suicidal others (attempt and ideation). The data, coming from a survey of 2,583 Bedoon adolescents between 14 and 18 years old, indicate that the community level of residential mobility has a positive, contextual effect on Bedoon suicidal behavior. The findings also indicate that the contextual effect of residential mobility is mediated by both anomie and attempt and ideation and offer the possibility of identifying communities that carry a substantial risk for adolescent suicide as well as the mechanisms that mediate the influence of community structural characteristics on Bedoon adolescent risk behavior.