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The State Economic Handbook is a new annual reference book profiling the economy, demography, political environment, and business climates for each of the 50 states. This information, gathered from a variety of sources and clearly presented in one volume, will be of great value to researchers, businesses, news media, and government agencies.

Background: The introduction of lower strength alcohol products results in less absolute alcohol purchased. This paper estimates the potential impact of price in shifting British household purchases from higher to lower strength beers and ciders.Methods: Descriptive statistics and controlled interrupted time series analyses using Kantar Worldpanel's British household purchase data from 70,303 households during 2015-2018 and the first half of 2020.Findings: No and low-alcohol products were less likely to be on price promotion than higher strength products. No and low-alcohol beers were cheaper per volume than higher strength beers; the reverse was the case for ciders. With the exception of low strength ciders (which had very few purchases) a higher volume was purchased when the product was on price promotion than when not. Again, with the exception of low strength ciders, the cheaper the cost, the greater the volume of purchase, more so when the product was on price promotion. The introduction of minimum unit price in Scotland (when controlling for changes in Northern England) and in Wales (when controlling for changes in Western England) shifted purchases from higher to lower strength products, more so for ciders than beers. In relative terms, the alcohol by volume of beer dropped by 2% and of cider by 7%. Changes did not differ by household income or the age of the main shopper.Interpretation: There are opportunities for governments and alcohol producers and retailers to facilitate shifts of purchases from higher to lower alcohol strength products. Alcohol producers and retailers can ensure that the price of lower strength products is competitive vis a vis higher strength products. Governments can introduce minimum unit prices for the sale of alcohol, as has been done in Scotland and Wales.

This paper examined influence of classroom management on instructional process and its implications in post primary education in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. A sample of 100 teachers was drawn from a population of 261 teachers in five selected government owned post primary schools. Three research questions based on classroom management and effective instructional process (CMEIPQ) was the main instrument adopted. The percentage and mean are the statistical tools employed to analyze data collected from the respondents. Mean score above the criterion mean score of 2.50 were accepted while Mean score below the criterion mean score 2.50 were rejected. It was discovered that classroom management has great implication for effective delivery in the instructional process having a grand mean total of. Effective classroom management was also discovered to provide a calm environment for effective teaching and instructional process in post primary schools, while ineffective poor classroom management affects the instructional process negatively and this was traced to some certain factors such as, poor seating and setting arrangement, teachers inability to handle discipline any problems faced in the classroom, teachers been non-professionally trained, lack of teachers preparation, also lack of student concentration were seen to be another factor among many others. In light of this, ICT complaint strategies were recommended so as to enable learners from the comfort of their homes in some cases so as to eliminate issues such as poor seating and setting arrangement which are avoidable in this digital age.

This new report uses information gathered in 2011 to update key indicators on alcohol consumption health outcomes and action to reduce harm across the European Union (EU). It gives an overview of the latest research on effective alcohol policies and includes data from the EU Norway and Switzerland on alcohol consumption harm and policy approaches. The data were collected from a 2011survey carried out as part of a project of the European Commission and the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The report updates the evidence base for some important areas of alcohol policy and provides policy-makers a

Introduction Market research indicates an increasing interest in low- and no-alcohol drinks in Europe, but there is no systematic overview of their availability and consumption. In this article, we present data on the availability and apparent consumption of non-alcoholic beer in the European Union and the UK. Methods We use Sold production, exports and imports by PRODCOM list (NACE Rev. 2) dataset, available in Eurostat, to extract the available data on sold production, exports and imports of non-alcoholic beer in the EU-27 (total and country-level) and the UK between 2013 and 2019, and additionally calculate the apparent consumption. Results Between 2013 and 2019, the sold production volume in the EU increased from 0.59 to 1.38 billion litres, the value from 0.42 to 1.28 billion EUR and value per litre from 0.72 to 0.93 EUR/L. In 2019, the share of non-alcoholic beer represented 3.8% of all beer volume and 4.1% of all beer value produced. Five countries accounted for 80.8% of sold production volume: Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland and Czechia. The Netherlands and Germany were the largest exporters, while importing was distributed more equally. Per capita, average apparent consumption (2017-2019) was highest in Czechia, followed by the Netherlands, Spain, Luxembourg and Germany. Discussion and Conclusions Our results show the increasing availability of non-alcoholic beer in the EU-27, although overall changes seem to be driven by a small number of countries. More research is needed at the country-level on no- and low-alcohol consumption trends and drivers, and their impact on alcohol-related harm reduction.

SummaryAt the end of the 4th week of the Hilary Term 1977, 1006 male and 1009 female undergraduates at Oxford University were sent a questionnaire enquiring about their sexual behaviour and contraceptive practice. Of the 862 women and 634 men who replied, 512 women (59%) and 332 men (52%) had experienced sexual intercourse, 396 women and 191 men in the 4-week period preceding receipt of the questionnaire. No contraception had been used by 27% of the women on the first occasion that they had had intercourse; during the 4-week period preceding receipt of the questionnaire 10% of sexually active women had had intercourse on one or more occasions without using a contraceptive. The use of contraception increased with the frequency of intercourse and the stability of the relationship. Thirty-one women had been pregnant in the past; none was known to be pregnant at the time of the survey, although sixteen suspected that they might be. Ninety per cent of the students approved of the free distribution of a booklet on contraception and related matters to all undergraduates.