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Traditional Westem social and sexual scripts have discouraged women from expressing sexual interest or initiating sexual behaviors. For the present study, 212 women attending sexuality classes in the New York/New Jersey area volunteered anonymously to complete a questionnaire that measured demographics, sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors. The instrument was designed to identify predictors of the respondents' sexually aggressive behaviors toward men. Sexual aggression, in this instance, is defined as initiating sexual contact (kissing, fondling, or intercourse) by using sexual coercion (e.g., threatening to end a relationship, verbal pressure, or lying), sexual abuse (e.g., sex with a minor by an adult at least 5 years older than the minor, by inducing intoxication, or by using a position of power or authority), or physically forced sex (i.e., by the threat of physical force, actual physical force, or the use of a weapon). Following tests for the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, phi coefficients, multiple regression, and chi-square analysis were completed and indicated that both the experience of past sexual abuse and the attitudinal subscale of adversarial beliefs about sexual relationships were independently related to women's heterosexual aggression. Social leaming theory has been used to explain the development of aggressive attitudes and behaviors. The contributions of adversarial beliefs and past sexual abuse to heterosexual aggression among this sample of college women are discussed in relation to the social construction of gender and two specific aspects of social leaming theory.

In this edition, the contributing authors represent a variety of disciplines, including sociology, humanities, psychology and management/business. The importance of academics from many disciplines researching and writing about Indigenous matters means that researchers are positioning themselves as ready to work across disciplines to help solve real-world problem facing Indigenous people worldwide. In the first article, Josie Arnold advocates for practice-led research (PLR) as a model for credentialling Indigenous knowledges in academia. The second article, by Jennifer Chisholm, critically examines and problematises the notion of Indigenous transgender acceptance. In the third article, Stefan Gröschl argues that interculturalism is a means towards collaboration between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. The final article in this issue is co-authored by Mohajer Abbass Hameed and Shaun Coade, who argue that the majority of research methodologies and treatment protocols used in mainstream psychology are in tension with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural values.

Legitimacy by Proxy: Searching for a Usable past through the International Brigades in Spain's Post-Franco Democracy, 1975-2015 This article breaks new ground by studying the impact of members of the International Brigades in Spain and analysing the ways in which Spanish political groups have been making use of the memory of the Brigades since the end of the Franco regime in 1975. It shows that the veterans of the International Brigades played the role of agents of democracy between 1975 and 1977. Between 1977 and 1988, a time when invoking the past carried political risks, left-wing groups in Spain constructed a memory of the volunteers as proxies, and the memory granted the groups the space that they needed to vindicate their own anti-fascist struggle. With the final crisis and collapse of the Soviet Union, the Left moved away from ideology and, for good measure, made use of ethical reasons to demand recognition for the Spanish victims of General Franco. Increasingly, the International Brigades were remembered not as proxies but as part of a struggle to acknowledge the sufferings of the Spaniards.

Aims To describe the extent to which the content of the European Commission's Communication on alcohol reflects public health-based scientific evidence. Design Document retrieval and content analysis. Setting European Union. Participants Background documents leading up to the European Commission's Communication on alcohol, the Communication itself and implementation actions following the Communication. Measurements Documents were read and analyzed for evidence-based alcohol policy content. Findings Although the Communication acknowledges and supports existing interventions which have high evidence for effectiveness, such as enforcing blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for drivers, it extensively promotes other interventions which have been shown to be ineffective; for example, recommending education and persuasion strategies as a measure across all its five priority areas. Measures to influence price are mentioned only once in relation to sales in drinking venues limiting two-for-one drinks offers. Measures to control physical availability are mentioned infrequently. Conclusions The Communication reflects the science, in that it acknowledges the significance of alcohol as a social and health determinant in Europe. However, it places more emphasis on policy actions with less evidence for effectiveness than on those with strong evidence. It also focuses its efforts more on mapping member state actions and coordinating knowledge exchange than on providing concrete recommendations for action or developing Europe-wide policy measures. This may be a compromise between the rights of Member States to develop national policy and legislation and the obligation of the European Union as a collaborative body to protect health. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the European Union's roots as a trading block emphasizes collaboration with industry stakeholders and this influences the ability to prioritize health over trade considerations.

To consider, briefly, science's role in informing alcohol policy, and how science could help reframe the present governance of alcohol policy.Expression of the two project coordinators' reflections based on discussions during project meetings of the Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA) project.Three endeavours are considered important for science's role in informing alcohol policy: modelling studies that help predict the outcomes of differing policy approaches; studying the impact of live policy changes as a powerful set of natural experiments; and, improved study of the impact of integrated, coordinated and joined up alcohol policies, as opposed to the impact of individual alcohol policy measures. Three areas where science can contribute to strengthened alcohol policy governance include: analysis of different governance architectures that might promote joined-up actions between different sectors; the design of better metrics that measure the impact of public and private sector actions on health; and, by identifying incentives that help consumers make choices on the use of alcohol that improve health.The impact of science on better alcohol policy governance can only happen if there is more and better dialogue between scientists and those who design alcohol policy.? 2011 The Authors, Addiction ? 2011 Society for the Study of Addiction.

SummaryAt the end of the fourth week of the Spring term 1982, 730 female undergraduates at Aberdeen University and 744 female under-graduates at Oxford University were sent a questionnaire enquiring about their sexual behaviour and contraceptive practice. Of the 978 unmarried women who replied, 507 (52%) had experienced sexual intercourse. No contraception had been used by 31% of the women on the first occasion that they had had intercourse; during the 4-week period preceding receipt of the questionnaire 14% of sexually active women had had intercourse on one or more occasions without a contraceptive. Twenty-nine women had been pregnant in the past; two women were known to be pregnant at the time of the survey and twelve women thought that they might be. These findings are discussed and some recommendations are put forward.

Preliminary material /Editors The European Union and Asia -- AUTHORS IN THIS VOLUME /Editors The European Union and Asia -- INTRODUCTION /Peter Anderson and Georg Wiessala -- ASIA IN THE MAKING OF EUROPE, EUROPE'S HERITAGE IN ASIA AND ASIA AS EUROPE'S OTHER /Apirat Petchsiri -- INTERNATIONAL NEWS AND LOCAL CONTEXTS: FRAMING OF THE EU'S COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY IN NEW ZEALAND NEWSPAPERS (2004-2005) /Natalia Chaban , Martin Holland and Christian Elias Schneider -- SPEAKING THE EAST, FRAMING THE EAST OR SHAPING THE EAST? /Peter Anderson -- THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A FOREIGN POLICY ACTOR IN ASIA: DEFINING AND THEORISING EU-ASIA RELATIONS /Michael Smith and Natee Vichitsorasatra -- CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT AND THE POLICY OF DISPOSITION: THREE CASE STUDIES OF EU-ASIA POLICY /David Fouquet and Paul Lim -- BEYOND THE TRIADIC WORLD ORDER: THE ROLE AND PATTERNS OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS IN EU-ASIA RELATIONS /Carlo Filippini -- THE INTER-REGIONAL DIMENSION OF EU-ASIA RELATIONS: EU-ASEAN AND THE ASIA-EUROPE MEETING (ASEM) PROCESS /Yeo Lay Hwee -- EU-ASIA RELATIONS AND THE ROLE OF EUROPEAN UNION CFSP SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVES /John Quigley -- EU-CENTRAL ASIA RELATIONS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER /Christopher Williams -- POLITICAL MORALITY, NORMATIVE TERRITORIES AND NON-INTERFERENCE: HUMAN RIGHTS AS 'ENABLING' AND 'INHIBITING' AGENTS IN EU-ASIA RELATIONS /Georg Wiessala -- THE EU AND AUSTRALIA: BEYOND THE 'TYRANNY OF DISTANCE'? /Philomena Murray -- 'RE-ORIENTING' THE GLOBAL LEARNING EXPERIENCE: HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ASIA AND THE SUBJECT OF 'EUROPEAN STUDIES' /Georg Wiessala.

Das Presse- und Kommunikationsamt der EU-Kommission ist von zentraler Bedeutung für das Verhältnis der EU zu den Medien. Selbst die eigenen Pressesprecher der Dienste haben im Zuge des Rücktritts der Santer-Kommission, bestätigt, dass die Einrichtung versagt hat und sich gegen immer feindlicher werdende Medien ständig in der Defensive befand. In diesem Kontext plädierte Santers Nachfolger, der frühere Kommissionspräsident Prodi, für radikale Reformen mit dem Ziel, der Schaffung eines?modernen und professionellen? Presseamtes Priorität einzuräumen. Die Prodi-Kommission kam zu dem Schluss, dass es dazu einer positiveren und auf Eigeninitiative beruhenden Handlungsweise bedürfe. Der Beitrag befasst sich zu einem Zeitpunkt, zu dem die Barroso-Kommission ihr eigenes Konzept für einen Wandel in der Kommunikationspolitik vorlegt, mit dem Vermächtnis der Prodi-Reformen. Der Fokus liegt dabei darauf, wie deren Wirkung aus der Sicht von Journalisten aus einem Mitgliedsland, in dem es traditionell schwierig ist, ein positives Bild von der EU zu vermitteln, beurteilt wird. (UNübers.) (UN)

A B S T R A C T ■ The Commission's press and communication service plays a central role in the EU's dealings with news organizations. However, following the fall of the Santer Commission, even the service's own press officials admitted the organization was failing and constantly on the defensive against an increasingly hostile media. It was in this context that Santer's successor, former Commission president Romano Prodi, pledged radical reform, making the goal of a `modern and professional' press service a priority. The Prodi Commission concluded that it needed a much more positive and proactive way of working. At a time when the Barroso Commission is proposing its own programme of change in communication policy, this article assesses the inheritance that the Prodi reforms left behind, with particular reference to their impact as seen by journalists from one of the member states in which traditionally it has been most difficult to communicate a positive image of the EU. ■

Recent studies of college women's initiation of heterosexual contact have focused on the relationships among predictors of women's heterosexual initiating behaviors, initiating strategies, and theories concerning sexuality and indicate the importance of establishing the psychometric properties of the research measurements. The present study of 212 college women (mean age = 22.3 years) investigated the factor structure underlying one of these tools, the Initiating Heterosexual Contact Scale (IHCS). The IHCS was developed to assess behaviors and motives relative to initiating heterosexual contact. Subjects were administered a survey that included their self-report of initiating sexual contact with men. Factor analysis of the 26-item scale revealed a 19-item scale comprised of six factors-Sexual Arousal, Hidden Motives, Verbal Pressure, Retaliation or Gain, Physical Force, and Exploitation-accounting for 59.8% of the response variance. The internal reliability of the subscales ranged from .43 to 75. Recommendations for further refinement of the IHCS and areas of future research are suggested.