Examines the ontological interpretation of artwork as the chronotope (of semantic world). The address to the work of art as the chronotope helps to reveal its historicity (as its proper history and belonging to a particular culturalhistorical epoch), meanings and values, the integral image, its links to other artworks and the cultural space on the whole.
La necesidad de un nuevo régimen para el tránsito de la energía ha vuelto a situar en primer plano el Tratado sobre la Carta de la Energía. La reciente crisis del gas entre Rusia y Ucrania, así como una serie de declaraciones políticas sobre la necesidad de un nuevo régimen de tránsito de energía han vuelto a situar en primera plana el Tratado sobre la Carta de la Energía. Muchos analistas, tanto rusos como europeos, consideran que la Carta de la Energía ha quedado obsoleta, cuando no que estaba abocada al fracaso desde su mismo nacimiento. A esto se une la reciente propuesta rusa de crear un nuevo pacto que reemplace la Carta, que ha contribuido a crear aún mayor confusión en torno a la cuestión de un régimen energético multilateral. En este ARI se pretenden explicar el papel político y las debilidades de la Carta de la Energía mediante el análisis de la totalidad del proceso jurídico en su contexto político e histórico.
This paper will mainly address Russian policy issues. The four areas mentioned above represent very different fields of the energy sector. The oil sector comprises a strongly business-oriented group of companies which are not highly politicised, in contrast to how they are often presented in the European mass media. The gas sector, by contrast, continues to be a major political tool of Russian foreign policy. The electricity sector is in the process of rapid liberalisation. Finally, the environmental dimension of energy policy is starting to make its presence felt in Russia's strategy.
The post-Soviet ethnic migration wave was quickly followed by the contraction of population territorial mobility. The growing role of socioeconomic factors in defining the character and intensity of migration flows, including the expansion of temporary, labor and undocumented migration, has been especially pronounced. These changes indicate the evolving relationship between migration and conflicts developing in Central Eurasia. Initially as an indicator of ethnic tensions and discrimination of minorities, migration is becoming a mechanism of market transition, providing for the economic survival of population under crisis conditions. With the depletion of the number of ethnic Russian migrants, the influx of ethnic aliens, moving primarily from Central Asia and the Transcaucasus to Russia, is increasing in importance. The present paper discusses the impact of new migration flows on the economies, welfare mechanisms, financial systems, labor markets, and societies of Central Eurasia. Special attention is given to the governmental response to migration phenomenon—from labor migration criminalization to attempts to stimulate the flow of specific migrant groups.
