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446 459 50 3 ; S ; Acosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. and Coronado D. Access to universities' public knowledge: who is more regionalist?, Regional Studies. This paper tracks university-to-firm patent citations rather than the more usual patent-to-patent or paper-to-patent citations. It explains regional and non-regional citations as a function of firms' absorptive capacity and universities' production capacity in the region rather than explaining citations as a function of distance between citing and cited regions. Using a dataset of European Union regions for the years 1997-2007, it is found that fostering university research and development (R&D) capacity increases the attractiveness of the local university's knowledge base to firms in the region, but also reduces wider searches for university knowledge. Increasing the absorptive capacity of local business encourages firms to access university knowledge from outside the region. This research was extended with funding from Project 2091 of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Project number 201010I004 of the CSIC and by the Junta de Andalucia [project number P08-SEJ-03981]. Acosta, M.; Azagra Caro, JM.; Coronado, D. (2016). Access to Universities' Public Knowledge: Who is More Regionalist?. Regional Studies. 50(3):446-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.923094

Peer Reviewed ; Previous research about firms' perceptions on the usefulness of public research has not distinguished between technological innovators and non-innovators. With the exception of openness of search, we find that factors shaping such perceptions differ in both types of firms. Non-innovators need market power and the presence of an R&D department to profit from public knowledge. Innovators need less sheltered environments and lesser R&D effort, though the availability of resources and absorptive capacity is necessary. Using a sample of 1,031 Spanish manufacturing firms, we conclude that practical experience in technological innovation enhances firms' perceptions on the usefulness of public research, not directly but by enabling certain internal changes, i.e. it produces encounters between corporate choices and public research. The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Fundación BBVA (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria) and CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) project 201010I004.

Trabajo presentado al 14th International Society of Scientometrics and Informetrics Conference celebrado en Viena (Austria) del 15 al 19 de Julio de 2013. ; Patent citations are widely used indicators of knowledge flows. One originality of this paper is to track not patent-to-patent or paper-to-patent citations as usual but university-to-firms' patent citations. Another one is not to explain citations as a function of distance between cited and cited regions but to explain regional and non-regional citations as a function of the characteristics of knowledge supply and demand in the region –a complementary approach to the geography of knowledge flows. Using a dataset of European Union regions in years 1997-2007, we find that fostering university R&D capacity enlarges the attractiveness of the local university knowledge base for firms in the region. However, it has a trade-off, since firms will take less resource to university knowledge produced elsewhere. It is possible to compensate this through increases in local business absorptive capacity, which will enable firms to access university knowledgeoutside the region. ; This research was initiated with the framework of ERAWATCH, a joint initiative of the European Commission's Directorate General for Research and the Joint Research Centre-Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS). The research has continued with funding from project 2091 of the Polytechnic University of Valencia and project 201010I004 of the CSIC. ; Peer Reviewed

[ES]: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores que explican el uso que hacen las empresas de los resultados de investigación de las universidades de su propia región y de otras regiones. Las referencias a artículos y patentes universitarias en los documentos de patentes registrados por empresas permiten medir esta diferencia de uso; la oferta y demanda de conocimiento universitario de cada región determinarán su comportamiento. Los datos de patentes empresariales de las regiones de la UE-27 (1997-2007) confirman que el incremento de la capacidad universitaria en términos de intensidad del gasto en I+D favorece el uso de conocimiento local y una reducción de la búsqueda de conocimiento universitario fuera de la región. El incremento de la capacidad de absorción de las empresas facilita el acceso al conocimiento universitario creado fuera de la región. ; [EN]: This paper tracks university-to-firm patent citations rather than the more usual patent-to-patent or paper-to-patent citations. It explains regional and non-regional citations as a function of the characteristics of knowledge supply and demand in the region rather than explaining citations as a function of distance between citing and cited regions. Using a dataset of European Union regions for the years 1997-2007, we find that fostering university R&D capacity increases the attractiveness of the local university's knowledge base to firms in the region, but also reduces wider searches for university knowledge. Increasing the absorptive capacity of local business encourages firms to access university knowledge from outside the region. ; Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco de ERAWATCH, una iniciativa conjunta de la Dirección General de Investigación de la Comisión Europea y el Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica (IPTS).La investigación ha sido posible gracias a la financiación del Proyecto 2091 de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia y del Proyecto P08-SEJ-03981 de la Junta de Andalucía. ; Peer Reviewed

To date, normative studies on the generation of public patents have focused on universities. This paper extends the analysis to public research organisations (PRO). From both a historic and economic standpoint, and via the interpretation of three institutional factors (the change in the political and legal background, the dominance of certain areas of science over others, and the increase in technological cooperation), the reasons moving the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC; the Spanish Research Council) to file patents were examined. The impact of these quantified factors on patenting was examined from 1987 to the present. The institutional framework of bodies such as the CSIC was found to favour a patenting culture. The historical approach adopted defined homogeneous analytical periods and guided the interpretation of the results and their effects over time, while the economic approach allowed some of the relationships seen to be quantified and questioned the validity of merely descriptive classifications (e.g., scientific areas according to number of patents). ; Hasta la fecha los estudios normativos sobre el origen de patentes públicas han estado centrados en las patentes universitarias. Con este artículo extendemos el análisis a las patentes generadas en los organismos públicos de investigación (OPI). Desde una doble perspectiva, la histórica y la económica, y a través de la interpretación de tres factores institucionales (evolución de los cambios políticos y legales, primacía de unas áreas científicas sobre otras y aumento de la cooperación tecnológica) se analiza qué lleva al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) a patentar. Para el último período, desde 1987, hemos cuantificado el impacto de estos factores en las patentes. Hemos concluido que el marco institucional resulta eficaz en un organismo como el CSIC para crear una cultura favorable a la patente. La aproximación histórica define períodos homogéneos de análisis y guía la interpretación de los resultados y sus ...

Trabajo presentado a la DRUID Society Conference, celebrada en New York (US) del 12 al 14 de junio de 2017. ; Some scientists write literary fiction books in their spare time. If these books contain scientific knowledge, literary fiction becomes a mechanism of knowledge transfer. When this is the case, in the framework of the distinction of formal versus informal knowledge transfer, we conceptualize literary fiction as non-formal knowledge transfer. We model knowledge transfer as a function of the type of scientist (academic or non-academic) and the field of science. Academic scientists are those employed in academia and public research centers whereas non-academic scientists are those employed in other sectors with a scientific background. We also distinguish between direct knowledge transfer (the book includes the scientist's research topics), indirect knowledge transfer (scientific authors talk about their research with cultural agents) and reverse knowledge transfer (cultural agents give scientists ideas for future research). ; This research was funded by project AICO/2016/A/107 of the Valencian Regional Government. Nicolas Robinson-Garcia is currently supported by a Juan de la Cierva-Formación Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. We are indebted to Pablo Marín Liébana (supported by CSIC's Fellowship JAE-INT 16/00455) for his work in the database, conducting interviews and sharing ideas, and to the authors interviewed for their patience and generosity. ; Peer Reviewed

Trabajo presentado al Seminar Ingenio (CSIC-UPV) celebrado en la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia el 18 de octubre de 2016. ; Some scientists write literary fiction books in their spare time. If these books contain scientific knowledge, literary fiction becomes a mechanism of knowledge transfer. When this is the case, in the framework of the distinction of formal versus informal knowledge transfer, we conceptualise literary fiction as spare-time formal knowledge transfer. We model scientific authorship of literary fiction as a function of geographical co-location between editors and authors, and knowledge transfer as a function of the type of scientist (academic or non-academic). We distinguish between direct knowledge transfer (the book includes the scientist's research topics), indirect knowledge transfer (scientific authors talk about their research with cultural agents) and reverse knowledge transfer (cultural agents give scientists ideas for future research). Through mixed-methods research and a sample from the Valencian Community (Spain), we find that scientific authorship accounts for a considerable percentage of all literary fiction authorship and is negatively related to geographic co-location with editors. Academic scientists do not transfer knowledge directly so often as non-academic scientists, but the former engage into indirect and reverse transfer knowledge more often than the latter. We draw propositions about the role of geography on scientific authorship of literary fiction and that of the academic logic on knowledge transfer. We advance some tentative conclusions regarding the incorporation of scientific authorship of literary fiction in the evaluation of academic merit. ; This research was funded by project AICO/2016/A/107 of the Valencian Regional Government. Nicolas Robinson-Garcia is currently supported by a Juan de la Cierva-Formación Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. We are indebted to Pablo Marín Liébana (supported by CSIC's Fellowship JAE-INT 16/00455) for his work in the database, conducting interviews and sharing ideas, and to the authors interviewed for their patience and generosity. ; Peer Reviewed

In this article we develop a model of individual choice to study the determinants of faculty members allocation of effort between interactive and non interactive activities. This model is tested by using censored and discrete choice econometric models to estimate optimum effort allocated to interactive activities and real interaction. We conclude, first, that individual responds to non-monetary rather than monetary incentives and to the difficulty of producing non-interactive rather than interactive knowledge. Second, we detect the possible existence of rationing, since optimum effort and real interaction depend on different variables.

This paper examines the succession of formal and informal channels of university-industry knowledge transfer, and the local economic impact of their dynamic interaction. To do so, we investigate a highly cited university patent over an extended period of time through a case study methodology. Our work provides three fundamental insights. First, local economic impact can be achieved only after a complex, temporally unfolding sequence of interactions between formal and informal channels of knowledge transfer. Second, in the course of this dynamic interaction, knowledge generated during formal transfer activities may be transferred via informal channels. Third, the method developed can provide information on the variety of knowledge transfer channels related to highly cited patents. ; This research was funded by projects PAID PPI 2091 of the Polytechnic University of Valencia and AICO-2016-A-107 of the Valencian Government. ; Peer Reviewed