This paper investigates the multilateral approach of Nigeria towards the promotion of democracy and security following its return to civil rule since 1999. The Nigerian-led ECOMOG interventions in West the African region before the return to civilian governance in 1999 rarely received the legitimacy of the international community. Before 1999, Nigeria appeared to lack the credibility and credentials to champion democratization struggles in the region. Nigeria's military intervention in the Liberian civil war (1990-1997) and the restoration of democracy in Sierra Leone in 1998 lacked international legitimacy and appeared not to be linked to the nurturing and advancement of democracy in West Africa, but rather for the parochial interests of the two Generals; Ibrahim Babangida and Sani Abacha. However, following the return of Nigerian to democracy in 1999, Nigeria's military interventions in West African sub-region have been more multilateral than unilateral and appear to be linked to advancing stability and the democratization process within the regional frameworks of ECOWAS, backed by the AU and the UN.
Nigeria is a culturally diverse nation. This has always been a source of trouble for the country. The challenges that have been faced in the country have been mostly as associated with cultural diversity. Differences in political ideologies, religion and traditional festivals are also derivatives of differences in culture. As a mechanism to bridge socio-cultural differences many "Unity Projects" have been created with a view to working on the Unity of the Country. Some of these projects are National Arts Festival (NAFEST), National Sports Festival and Abuja National Carnival. However, a keen observation of the National Carnival has revealed that one of its very visible elements – The Dance Costume has a paradoxical effect on the carnival. The paradox consists in the argument that; while the carnival is expected to make Nigerians celebrate together as a people those things that bring them together, instead they celebrate those things that highlight their differences and tend to tear them apart. For instance the participating states bring to the carnival dance costumes with motifs that are peculiar to their cultural environment. The details of this paradox and its implication on the aesthetic value and effectiveness of the carnival, as a true unity-building mechanism, form the focus of this paper, using the social Identification Theory as an instrument.
The recent rise in global terrorism is alarming, but it also reaffirms the failure of our purely hard military approach to counter the phenomenon. This paper analyzes soft power as a means to combating terrorism, with the role of education, religion and international cooperation. The case of Boko Haram, the militant Islamist group operating in Northern Nigeria, is analyzed. This group has been attracting increasing levels of attention. The group is becoming ever more daring and violent. It is unlikely that Boko Haram will be defeated totally through military means. "Soft Power" will play a crucial role in our ability to attract the moderates and deny the extremists new recruits. Islamic education is viewed as a key instrument of these "soft power" counter-terrorism strategy. Islamic education refers to the totality of the upbringing of an individual within the content and context of Islam. The Almajiri system of education in Nigeria is analyzed in the article. Besides education, international cooperation is analyzed with the special focus on Moroccan experience of learning of Sunni Maliki jurisprudence and Achaari theology. The author underlines that many African countries requested Morocco to share its experiences in the education of Imams and signed several cooperation agreements.
The thesis assesses the relationship between three variables; International Capacity, Local Capacity and Hostility and how it contributes to peacebuilding in Post-Conflict situation. This research has pointed out the U.N.'s failure to achieve its objectives in Sudan. It employs institutionalism as the theoretical framework to analyze the operations of institutions and particularly the U.N. in peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts in the world. Thus, it takes note of peacekeeping interventions of the United Nations in Sudan by evaluating it, observing the challenges or difficulties being encountered and how this can be worked on through various means from the lessons learned. This is important because it will assist the United Nations in solving the Sudan crisis as well as other future reoccurrence in other parts of the world. To complete this study, the research has applied the Peacebuilding Triangle of Doyle and Sambinas to the case of Sudan. With this, the research will assess the three variables of the triangle relating them to Sudan and enable a critical examination to the reason for the continued crisis in Sudan and the inability of the UN to maintain a ceasefire till date. This study will explore the use of historical analysis for its findings as well as solutions based on other findings, affirmations and evidences on related U.N peacekeeping interventions with the use of primary sources such as official reports, agreements, protocols and secondary sources such as books and journal articles will be consulted. Keywords: International Organizations, Institutions, Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding, U.N. Interventions, Energy, Agreements. ; ÖZ: Tez üç değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirir; Uluslararası Kapasitesi, Yerel Kapasite ve Düşmanlık ve nasıl Çatışma Sonrası durumda barışın tesisi için katkıda bulunur. Bu araştırma Sudan hedeflerine ulaşmak için BM'nin başarısızlığını işaret etti. Dünyada barış ve barışın inşası çabalarında kurum ve özellikle BM operasyonları analiz etmek teorik çerçeve olarak kurumsallık kullanır. Böylece, onu değerlendirmek zorlukları gözlemleyerek veya zorluklar karşılaşılan ve nasıl dersler bu çeşitli yollarla üzerinde çalışmış olabilir tarafından Sudan'da Birleşmiş Milletler'in barışı koruma müdahaleleri dikkate alır. Dünyanın diğer bölgelerinde Sudan krizi yanı sıra diğer gelecek reoccurrence çözümünde Birleşmiş Milletler yardımcı olacak, çünkü bu önemlidir. Bu çalışmayı tamamlamak için araştırma Sudan'ın davaya Doyle ve Sambinas ve Barışı Tesis Üçgen başvurdu. Bu grubu, araştırma Sudan onları ilgili üçgenin üç değişkeni değerlendirmek ve Sudan'da devam eden kriz ve tarihe kadar ateşkes sağlamak için BM'nin yetersizlik nedeni ile kritik bir sınava sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışma böyle resmi raporlar, anlaşmalar, protokoller ve kitap gibi ikincil kaynaklar olarak birincil kaynakların kullanımı ile ilgili BM barış müdahaleleri diğer bulgular, affirmations ve kanıtlara dayalı tarihsel bulguları analiz yanı sıra çözümlerin kullanımını inceleyeceğiz dergi makaleleri istişare edilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası Örgütler, Kurumlar, Barış, Barışı Tesis, BM Müdahaleler, Enerji, Anlaşmaları. ; Master of Arts in International Relations. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, 2015. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Aylin Gürzel.
This paper develops an account of black women's contribution to the development and continuity of Jamaican Dancehall culture. It focuses on what lies beyond a view dominated by oppression or a male viewpoint. I explore how lower class women bring creative expressions to bear on their experience of pain, negation and oppression, by insisting on the priority of their body's erotic agency. Through a combination of place, corporeal practices and imaginative display of the body, I suggest that existential pain is eroticized, re-membered and re-figured as joy. Rather than studying the lyrical content of deejays or the activities of men (which has dominated the debate on the culture) I attempt to write black women into the history of Dancehall culture and at the same time show how as active agents they pose a radical challenge to the puritanical bourgeois logic and accepted ideas of femininity pervasive in Jamaican society.
Examines the raregroove music & dance scene of the 1980s to ascertain how black women in the UK make choices with regard to music in an effort to articulate the plurality of their identities. Raregroove music is described as an eclectic mix of black musical genres that arose in London, England, at warehouse parties & on pirate radio stations. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu (1977), it is suggested that the participation of black women in the raregroove music scene was s subversive response to a totalizing definition of female black identity. The multicultural character of this music scene was particularly attractive to black women intent on transgressing homogeneous ideas of black & female activities & roles. However, their struggles & choices cannot be compared to those of black women in other subcultures, as each group was responding to specific socioeconomic & cultural circumstances. It is concluded that this more complex theorizing of black & female identity more correctly located them in the contradictory locations that define their experience. 33 References. D. Ryfe
Nollywood, is the Nigerian film industries that had evolved without state support, and was ranked as as the world's second largest producers of movies by UNESCO Institute of Statistics. However, the industry has continued to incur the negative consequences of poor quality production on consumers' patronage and shelf life of produce, in spite of abiding growth propensity. It is against this backdrop that this research was conducted to examine production quality as determinant for long shelf life and consumers' loyalty in Nollywood movies. The study, which focuses on grassroots, employs the mixed methods research, combining interview, survey, and content analysis as methods for data collection. It argues that the abiding problem of quality in the industry, which is grounded on colonial cinematic legacies, was perpetuated by the failure of Government to align the industry as a viable sub-sector for economic growth. Thus, the study establishes that there is a direct correlation between the poor production quality, diminishing consumer loyalty and a trifling shelf life of Nigerian movies amidst the increasingly high volume of movie produce. The study concludes that piracy is the fundamental problem that militates against quality investment, which engenders compromise in production quality, and grounds poor consumer patronage and low shelf life. Therefore, the study recommends the need for Government to harness the viability of the industry by engaging needful interventions for the structuring and the development of a bankable movie industry, through legislation and implementation of policies that can stimulate, protect and sustain quality productions of the Nigerian video films.
