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Since public health seeks to protect the health of populations, it inevitably confronts a range of ethical challenges having to do primarily with the friction between individual freedoms and what might be perceived as governmental paternalism. This volume brings together twenty-five articles by leading thinkers in the field, writing on topics that concern both classic and novel problems. They open up new terrain in each area, including tobacco and drug control, infectious disease, environmental and occupational health, the effect of new genetics on the publics health, and the impact of social

1 Health Care Needs and Distributive Justice -- 2 For and Against Equal Access to Health Care -- 3 Jail and Prison Health Care Standards: A Determination of Need Without Reference to Want or Desire -- 4 How Should Values Count in the Allocation of New Technologies in Health Care? -- 5 The Neoconservative Health Strategy: Vouchers and the Rhetoric of Equity -- 6 Operationalizing Respect for Persons: A Qualitative Aspect of the Right to Health Care -- 7 Needs, Wants, Demands, and Interests: Their Interaction in Medical Practice and Health Policy -- 8 Physicians' Refusals of Patient Demands: An Application of Medical Discernment -- Appendix A.

In 2014, only two states in the United States still mandated specific written informed consent for HIV testing and, after years of controversy, New York ended this requirement, leaving only Nebraska. New York's shift to opt-out testing meant that a singular feature of what had characterized the exceptionalism surrounding HIV testing was eliminated. We trace the history of debates on written informed consent nationally and in New York State. Over the years of dispute from when HIV testing was initiated in 1985 to 2014, the evidence about the benefits and burdens of written informed consent changed. Just as important was the transformation of the political configuration of HIV advocacy and funding, both nationwide and in New York State. What had for years been the subject of furious debate over what a rational and ethical screening policy required came to an end without the slightest public protest. (Am J Public Health. 2017;107:1259–1265. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303819)

Electronic health records (EHRs) have been promoted as providing an opportunity to rationalize health care services and overcome the problems associated with a fragmented care system—yet EHRs also pose several critical, evolving challenges that remain to be addressed. Given that patients frequently change clinicians and see a variety of primary care clinicians and specialists, EHRs have the potential for improving the quality of health care, permitting more effective coordination of multiple clinicians, improving the safety of medications, and allowing more rapid evaluation of care.1,2 Given this potential, the federal government has made significant investments in the development of EHRs.2 Although much attention has been given to the benefits of EHRs, there has been less discussion of the serious challenges regarding privacy for minor adolescents and parents. In this Viewpoint we focus on 2 related threats to confidentiality created by EHRs: the possibility of disclosure to parents of health information that the adolescent may wish to keep private and disclosure to the adolescent of information that parents may wish to keep private.

This open access book offers the first in-depth study of the history and current debates surrounding electronic cigarettes comparing the UK, US and Australia. Since their introduction, e-cigarettes have been the subject of much public, media and regulatory attention, with discussion centring on whether these devices encourage or discourage smoking. This study delves into the history of policymaking and institutions in three countries which have taken different approaches to the regulation of e-cigarettes. In the UK, the tradition of harm reduction through nicotine has helped form a response which has endorsed e-cigarettes, though not without considerable controversy. In contrast, the US has a cessation-only anti-tobacco agenda, and Australia has effectively banned e-cigarettes. This book argues that each country frames the long-term use of nicotine differently and prioritises the health of different groups within the population of smokers or non-smokers, set against a broad backdrop of national responses to addiction. By taking this comparative approach, the authors explore the relationship between history, evidence and policy in public health more widely

This open access book offers the first in-depth study of the history and current debates surrounding electronic cigarettes comparing the UK, US and Australia. Since their introduction, e-cigarettes have been the subject of much public, media and regulatory attention, with discussion centring on whether these devices encourage or discourage smoking. This study delves into the history of policymaking and institutions in three countries which have taken different approaches to the regulation of e-cigarettes. In the UK, the tradition of harm reduction through nicotine has helped form a response which has endorsed e-cigarettes, though not without considerable controversy. In contrast, the US has a cessation-only anti-tobacco agenda, and Australia has effectively banned e-cigarettes. This book argues that each country frames the long-term use of nicotine differently and prioritises the health of different groups within the population of smokers or non-smokers, set against a broad backdrop of national responses to addiction. By taking this comparative approach, the authors explore the relationship between history, evidence and policy in public health more widely.

Frontmatter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction: Liberal States, Public Health, and the Tobacco Question -- 1. Children and Bystanders First: The Ethics and Politics of Tobacco Control in the United States -- 2. The Limits of Tolerance: Cigarettes, Politics, and Society in Japan -- 3. Rights and Public Health in the Balance: Tobacco Control in Canada -- 4. The Politics of Tobacco Control in Australia: International Template? -- 5. Militants,Manufacturers, and Governments: Postwar Smoking Policy in the United Kingdom -- 6. Liberté, Egalité, Fumée: Smoking and Tobacco Control in France -- 7. Between Paternalism and Voluntarism: Tobacco Consumption and Tobacco Control in Germany -- 8. Holy Smoke, No More? Tobacco Control in Denmark -- 9. Tobacco-Control Policy in the European Union -- 10. Difference and Diffusion: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Rise of Anti-Tobacco Policies -- 11. Tobacco Control in Comparative Perspective: Eight Nations in Search of an Explanation -- Conclusion: Lessons from the Comparative Study of Tobacco Control -- Notes -- Contributors -- Index

For decades, the field of bioethics has shaped the way we think about ethical problems in science, technology, and medicine. But its traditional emphasis on individual interests such as doctor-patient relationships, informed consent, and personal autonomy is minimally helpful in confronting the social and political challenges posed by new human biotechnologies such as assisted reproduction, human genetic modification, and DNA forensics. Beyond Bioethics addresses these provocative issues from an emerging standpoint that is attentive to race, gender, class, disability, privacy, and notions of democracy—a ";new biopolitics."; This authoritative volume provides an overview for those grappling with the profound dilemmas posed by these developments. It brings together the work of cutting-edge thinkers from diverse fields of study and public engagement, all of them committed to this new perspective grounded in social justice and public interest values