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The case study shows the transformation of Trento and its region into a successful tourist destination (from 100,000 overnight stays in 1989 to 1 million in 2015). The economic development was enabled by a progressive strengthening of the bonds between the city and its surrounding territory, the development of a diverse and complementary offering of experiences and business tourism as an important component in the development of the destination. The case study details the development and implementation of the strategy by the destination and its various partners and look at the array of game changers policies and investment undertaken since the 1990s as well as the winning marketing strategies deployed.

The Ladakhi Women's Trekking Company (LWTC) is a tourism operator based in Leh, India, owned and operated by Ladakhi women. Local guide Thinlas Chorol founded the LWTC in 2009 to give women in Ladakh the opportunity to participate in the traditionally male-dominated areas of trekking and mountain climbing. The treks are completely organized by these women who act as guides, porters and cooks as well as customer service, demonstrating that women can fulfil the roles that are normally reserved for men. By working as trekking guides, these women are challenging gender stereotypes in Ladakh, where a woman is expected to be submissive and conform to a traditional Ladakhi notion of obedience and discipline.

One of the most visible avenues used by small cities to retain competitiveness can be seen in the attempts to revitalize their downtown areas to create places and spaces enjoyed and valued by residents and visitors. Formerly recognized as the heart or centre of small cities, many downtown areas have suffered due to urban sprawl and a loss of connectedness or familiarity among new residents. While efforts to address downtown revitalization are evident such as the creation of public spaces, events and support for small businesses, there remains a need to understand if, and how, residents in small cities value their downtown areas.

Climate, whether warm and sunny or cold and snowy, can complement tourism by providing favourable conditions for visitors and their desired activities. As a result, climate is often a main resource upon which tourism destinations depend. Extreme or unpredictable weather may be viewed as unfavourable for attracting visitors. However, even seemingly inclement climate conditions can be used as a resource in tourism. Existing research does not demonstrate how outwardly negative climate conditions might influence destination image, destination selection, and local tourism development. This case study examines how cold climates present both a challenge and an opportunity to developing and promoting an area for tourism. Here we outline how The Forks National Historic Site, located in Winnipeg, Manitoba and a popular summer destination was successfully re-framed as a cold-weather attraction. This case study represents a specific instance of how a tourism destination may highlight a unique feature, such as a frozen river. Readers will understand how harsh weather can become an uncommon resource that facilitates tourism and recreation and enhances overall visitor experience. As such, this case study presents a specific example of how various stakeholders came together to offer a unique experience and transformed an otherwise negative climate condition into a positive and desirable aspect of the destination.

Diseases have taken a major role in making us humans, and probably determine the way we run our lives. History is full of the great epidemics of plague, smallpox and anthrax, but we survived because of our genetic variation and immune system. Disease continues to have a profound effect, selecting the course of the world just as much as nature has.

This book is an edited version of the unpublished final report of the PRIDE research project that ran from February 1999 to January 2001 and was concerned with partnerships for rural integrated development in Europe. The research focused on the rural development experience of 6 member states of the EU, namely Finland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, UK, with some reference to the Irish Republic and Luxembourg. After a general introduction (chapter 1), the book provides a literature review and theoretical framework (chapter 2), a consideration of the methodology and the execution of the research (chapter 3), the findings of an extensive survey of 330 partnerships across the 8 countries (chapter 4), a report of the study of practice (chapter 5) and study of impact (chapter 6) undertaken in 24 case study areas, and a number of conclusions and recommendations (chapter 7). The book has a subject index.

This book, containing 6 chapters (the saprotrophs, the habitat, sampling and enumeration, reconstructing the soil food web, spatial and temporal patterns, integrating the food web), describes the trophic interactions between species that carry out the decomposition of organic matter in the soil. The key topics addressed are functional groups, spatial stratification and succession over time, involving bacteria, protists, fungi and microinvertebrates. Emphasis is placed on the role of species diversity in functional groups.

This book provides a detailed description of different performance measurement methods in the context of the tourism and hospitality industry. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the principal concept of benchmarking and why it became so popular within the industry. Chapter 2 consists of a comprehensive description of studies on the practice of benchmarking in the tourism and hospitality industry. Chapter 3 deals with theoretical issues related to the measurement of business performance. Chapter 4 presents analytical techniques for estimating the unknown production function, basically classified as central tendency and frontier methods. Chapter 5 introduces the database (the Austrian Hotel and Restaurant Panel, 1991-97) used in the subsequent experimental studies and elaborates on existing performance studies in tourism research. Chapter 6 focuses on the application of mixture regression models as a central tendency's approach for the selection of optimal comparison partners. It includes an illustrative case example for the Austrian hotel and restaurant database. Chapter 7 discusses the data envelopment analysis (DEA) models and illustrates these using numerical examples. Chapter 8 introduces evolutionary data envelopment analysis, a completely new optimization technique for DEA problems to overcome at least some of DEA's main restrictions. Chapter 9 discusses developments and issues that are relevant for the future of benchmarking decision support systems and summarizes the most important research questions surrounding them. The book has a subject index.

A collection of case studies which provides an insight into the changing nature of tourism in Western Europe is presented. A recurring theme of the book is that new patterns of tourism have emerged as a result of changing ideologies and cultural valuations, rather than in response to consumer trends. The cases are divided into three sections covering: the political context (4 chapters); the economic context (3 chapters) and the sociocultural context (3 chapters).

This case describes a research and design project, commissioned to Breda University of Applied Sciences (the Netherlands) by several regional tourism organizations in Brabant, a province in the south of the Netherlands. The aim of the project was to draft a narrative concept and storylines that would link and upgrade the various Vincent Van Gogh heritage sites in the area in order to eventually attract international tourists to the province, especially in view of the commemoration of Van Gogh's 125th death anniversary in 2015. In the creative phase, we used a 12 steps storytelling model (Bouma, 2010). This is based on Campbell's "monomyth" or "hero's journey" (1945). It applies to many great tales and chronologically orders the (metaphorical) steps that drive the "hero" in his actions. We compared the 12 steps to Vincent's life. The first 6 steps, which took place in Brabant, we placed under the overarching narrative concept of "Becoming Vincent". At various locations in the province, tourists can experience how the events in Vincent's early life led him to become the tormented yet brilliant artist so well-known from his time in France (which we defined as "Being Vincent"), thus making a full narrative circle. This narrative concept has since been transformed into various products. We developed two different immersive virtual reality (VR) experiences to strengthen the process of identification with Vincent as a child, and as a young man. The concept of Becoming Vincent has become the title of the bidbook that is now the guidelines for the redesign of three different visitor centers in the region. In the run-up to the reopening of the visitor centers, a short movie entitled 'Becoming Vincent' was released in 2021.

The Batticaloa Dutch Fort is over 400 years old and has been occupied by the Portuguese, Dutch, British and Sri Lankan governments. The local government wants to develop the fort as a cultural heritage tourist attraction, displaying the history and traditional culture of the Batticaloa region. Attracting international and domestic visitors requires designing an activity that is of interest to these visitors. Develop a proposal for a 1-2-hour experiential activity at the fort.

This manual shows how value chain analysis (VCA) principles can be applied in developing countries, where time and funding is often restricted. It explains how to undertake affordable VCA that generate valid data and produce recommendations that will have impact.

In recent years, there has been a popularization of non-mainstream sexual/cultural practices. The sensation of Fifty Shades of Grey has led to the general public becoming increasingly aware of the kink/BDSM lifestyle. The BDSM/ kink/sado-masochist lifestyle has largely thrived under the radar of many in the general public and the subculture/ lifestyle has organized and held events for decades. In this article, we discuss the various events of the kink/ BDSM subculture/lifestyle and illustrate the importance of the non-play events for those in the lifestyle. The authors have fielded two ground-breaking global surveys that delve into the prevailing social institution of the kink/BDSM lifestyle, The Munch, an event in which no BDSM activities take place. The intention of this research is to show the methods that participants and organizers use in order to protect the identity of those attending non-play BDSM events that take place in the general public. The findings show that those participating in munches, a popular form of non-play events, tend to use their real names, although there is a large minority that do not. The analysis intends to give insight into those who operate below the radar of society and still have a vibrant social scene.

This book contains 18 chapters that describes the evolving and multi-faceted roles of ILRI in addressing these and other global challenges in nearly a half century of research. ILRI researchers and partners took leading roles, for example, in the following. This volume can serve as a reference and resource for all interested in the role of livestock in agricultural transformation and sustainable development. It should be useful for distilling, learning from, and building on past work and lessons hopefully to inform and inspire students, researchers and research managers and their investors.

This book contains eight chapters discussing the history of fluorine and sources of fluorides in the environments. The uptake, transport and accumulation of inorganic fluorides by plants and animals, as well as their effects on these organisms are discussed. Some case histories in Scotland, Oregon (USA), British Columbia (Canada) and Cubat{circ}o (S{circ}o Paulo, Brazil) involving fluoride contamination are examined. Monitoring and identifying effects of fluoride in the field, and the environmental standards to protect humans, other animals and plants are highlighted. Finally, the important properties of some natural organofluorine compounds (particularly monofluoroacetate) and manufactured organofluorine compounds (e.g. pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals) are described.