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The commonly-heard phrase "emerging democracies" seems to imply that democracy is emerging all over the world. A general impression has been created in the Western world that since the end of the Cold War, "democracy" was emerging in the world today. Nothing can be further from the truth. While we will not go into an analysis of what has happened in Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. , it should be remembered that the formation of a large number of political parties which may objectively represent the class interests of just one class does not automatically imply that there is "democracy". Nor does the existence of a Parliament in itself signify that there is democracy. Kenya, for example, has had a Parliament for over 30 years, but there is no democracy there yet.

While the Indian nuclear tests at Pokhran in May 1998 gave a new dimension to the "strategic culture" it also posed new challenges of devising a command and control system to ensure their effective use and safety. India has made considerable progress in missile development programme but not much has been written about the subject of nuclear command and control. It has been government policy to focus on "hard kill" weapons rather than expend funds on " soft kill" systems like command and control whose benefits are intangible and difficult to quantify. A command and control system is however, of vital importance as it enables the leadership to analyze the threat, plan responses and above all achieve " deterrence". Apart from this it helps to guard against accidental or inadvertent launch of nuclear weapons by laying down foolproof procedures and safety measures. Notwithstanding the cardinal importance of command and control systems, this subject remains abstract and very little material is available to researchers. The author has therefore relied mainly on the US and Russian the USSR nuclear command and control systems and has based his knowledge of the Indian command and control systems largely on assumptions and conjectures.

The focus of global politics is shifting from the West to Asia as China plays a significant role in the ongoing competition on the global chessboard. This competition between the USA, the most powerful economy of the world, and China, an emergent powerful economy of the world, compels China to secure uninterrupted energy supplies from the Persian Gulf region for its oil driven growth. In the recent past, China's new strategy has further cemented ties between Pakistan and China, who help each other in the changing geopolitical environment, through converging mutual interests. This paper highlights how geo-strategic positioning of Pakistan helps China fulfill its geo-strategic and geo-economic goals and how this development helps Pakistan to uplift socioeconomic development and safeguard its strategic interests in the Indian Ocean.

Chapter 1. Introduction: Understanding Political Economy of Education in Central Asia: the review of the challenges (Assel Sharimova, Naureen Durrani and Hélène Thibault ) -- Chapter 2. Political economy of Soviet education in Kazakhstan: A critical review (Diana Toimbek) -- Chapter 3. The right to education of disabled children in Semipalatinsk in the context of the post-Cold War (Aigerim Mussabalinova) -- Chapter 4. Religion and education in contemporary Uzbekistan: Religious and spiritual challenges in public education (Zilola Khalilova) -- Chapter 5. Islam, women, and higher education in Uzbekistan (Rahimjon Abdugafurov) -- Chapter 6. Exploring STEM teacher educators' understanding of gender-responsive pedagogies in Kazakhstan (Ainur Almukhambetova) -- Chapter 7. Gender, language and social inequalities in the textbooks in the History of Kazakhstan (Zhazira Bekzhanova) -- Chapter 8. Medium of instruction, national identity and attitudes towards gender roles (Alexandra Nam) -- Chapter 9. The politics of languages in education: issues of access to education and labour market participation of minority ethnic groups in Kazakhstan (Fariza Tolesh) -- Chapter 10. Equity-minded assessment from the perceptions of university stakeholders in Tajikistan (Vasila Bozichaeva) -- Chapter 11. A political economy analysis of factors influencing the expansion of Russian (Sherzod Khaydarov) -- Chapter 12. The role of NGOs within the education sector (Natalya Hanley).

This open access book is intended as an original contribution to the conversation on the role and challenges of education in Central Asia to promote social cohesion by looking at Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Examining education challenges within the countries' wider historical, social, political, and cultural context, the contributions explore existing discourses concerning national identity, religion, language, gender, inclusion, internationalisation of education, and non-state actors through a Political Economy Analysis (PEA) lens. With the understanding that education is both a powerful mechanism of social reproduction in societies and a driver of social change, the book attempts to promote political economy analysis of education as a helpful analytical tool for educational debates and reform agendas in the region and thus will be a valuable resource for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars in this region and beyond.

Essays on Pan-Africanism begins with essays by Shiraz Durrani, Abdilatif Abdulla, Issa Shivji, Firoze Manji, Sabatho Nyamsenda, Willy Mutunga and Noosim Naimasiah on various aspects of Pan-Africanism. This is followed by Remembering the Champions of African Liberation, with articles on Patrice Lumumba by Antoine Lokongo, Abdulrahman Babu by Amrit Wilson, Makhan Singh by Hindpal Singh and Piyo Rattansi, followed by Tajudeen Abdul Raheem's last Pan African Postcard (2009) and Debating and Documenting Africa - A Conversation. The Preface, Pan-African Thought, is by Prof. Issa Shivji. The book inc