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Presents the cultural similarities within a country that set it apart from others by examining over 200 countries to document the myriad ways in which culture defines and separates the nations of the world as much as geographical borders do. Surveys each country's shared values, behaviors and cultural variations from foods and rituals to pastimes and arts, using a standard entry format for easy comparison. Provides illustrations, photographs and maps. 4 volumes

Evidence is accumulating that, in the modern international system, democracies rarely fight each other. But the reasons for the phenomenon are not well understood. This article explores a similar phenomenon in other societies, using cross-cultural ethnographic evidence. It finds that polities organized according to more participatory ("democratic") principles fight each other less often than do polities organized according to hierarchical principles. Stable participatory institutions seem to promote peaceful relations, especially if people perceive that others also have some control over politics.

What is anthropology? -- Research methods in anthropology -- Genetics and evolution -- Human variation and adaptation -- Primates: past and present -- The first hominins -- The origins of culture and the emergence of homo -- The emergence of homo sapiens -- The upper Paleolithic world -- Origins of food production and settled life -- Origins of cities and states -- Culture and culture change -- Culture and the individual -- Communication and language -- Getting food -- Economic systems -- Social stratification: class, ethnicity, and racism -- Sex and gender -- Marriage and the family -- Marital residence and kinship -- Associations and interest groups -- Political life: social order and disorder -- Religion and magic -- The arts -- Health and illness -- Practicing and applying anthropology

AbstractWe test for universal patterns in cultural evolution by Guttman scaling on two different worldwide samples of archaeological traditions and on well‐known archaeological sequences. The evidence is generally consistent with universal evolutionary sequences. We also present evidence for some punctuated evolutionary events.

By illuminating the conflict-resolving mechanisms inherent in the relationships between democracies, Bruce Russett explains one of the most promising developments of the modern international system: the striking fact that the democracies that it comprises have almost never fought each other

This reference set lists and describes more than 1,500 global cultures. Based on research of social scientists, it is the source for historical, social, political, economic, linguistic, religious, and other information on virtually every existing culture. Its cross-cultural perspective meets high school curricular requirements for world studies and social sciences

Contributors: Iiris Aaltio, Irén Annus, George N. Appell, Laura W. R. Appell, Marysol Asencio, Christine Avenarius, Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, Emilio Paqcha Benites, Ilana Berger, Deborah L. Best, Harald Beyer Broch, Gwen J. Broude, Judith K. Brown, Margaret Buckner, Mary M. Cameron, Fernando Luiz Cardoso, Maria G. Cattell, Dia Cha, Janet M. Chernela, Richley H. Crapo, Susan A. Crate, William H. Crocker, Shanshan Du, Timothy Dunnigan, Carolyn Pope Edwards, Richard Ekins, Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember, Pamela I. Erickson, Randi Ettner, Pamela Feldman-Savelsberg, William H. Fisher, Diana Fox, Mary Jo Tippeconnic Fox, Susan Tax Freeman, Rita S. Gallin, Victoria A. Goddard, Joshua S. Goldstein, Alma Gottlieb, Chien-Juh Gu, Timothy M. Hall, Katsuki Harima, Betty J. Harris, Mary Elaine Hegland, Lewellyn Hendrix, Warren M. Hern, Gabriele Herzog-Schröder, Jon Holtzman, James Howe, Armine Ishkanian, William R. Jankowiak, Robert Jarvenpa, Carol Zane Jolles, Marianne Ruth Kamp, Kaisa Kauppinen, Alice Beck Kehoe, Dave King, Laura F. Klein, Lisa Knoche, Kathleen Kuehnast, Asiye Kumru, Lynn M. Kwiatkowski, Oneka LaBennett, Mikael Landén, Lioba Lenhart, Charles Lindholm, Lamont Lindstrom, Bobbi S. Low, Judith Macdonald, Jeannette Marie Mageo, Maxine L. Margolis, Richard A. Marksbury, Frank Marlowe, Nancy McDowell, Bonnie McElhinny, Winifred Mitchell, Brian Montes, Mary H. Moran, Nuno Nodin, Barbara S. Nowak, Robin O'Brian, Regina Smith Oboler, Volodymyr P'yatokha, Lyn Parker, Jakob M. Pastötter, Julia Pauli, Sarah D. Phillips, Debra Picchi, Ulrike Prinz, Aparna Rao, Kathleen C. Riley, Paul Roscoe, Amir Rosenmann, Celia E. Rothenberg, Marilyn P. Safir, Richard Scaglion, Wulf Schiefenhövel, Alice Schlegel, Maureen Trudelle Schwarz, Edwin S. Segal, Susan C. Seymour, Audrey C. Shalinsky, Andrew N. Sharpe, Eric Kline Silverman, Daniel Jordan Smith, John R. Sosa, Allyn MacLean Stearman, Lynn Stephen, Bilinda Straight, David E. Sutton, James M. Taggart, Aud Talle, Myrna Tonkinson, Robert Tonkinson, Rebecca L. Upton, Robert A. Veneziano, Eileen Rose Walsh, William Wedenoja, Glenn E. Weisfeld, Cynthia Werner, Dennis Werner, Barbara A. West, Cynthia Whissell, Tarynn M. Witten, Felice S. Wyndham, Melissa-Ann Yeager, Xiaojian Zhao, Laura Zimmer-Tamakoshi; edited by Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember (Deceased)

Contributors: Iiris Aaltio, Irén Annus, George N. Appell, Laura W. R. Appell, Marysol Asencio, Christine Avenarius, Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, Emilio Paqcha Benites, Ilana Berger, Deborah L. Best, Harald Beyer Broch, Gwen J. Broude, Judith K. Brown, Margaret Buckner, Mary M. Cameron, Fernando Luiz Cardoso, Maria G. Cattell, Dia Cha, Janet M. Chernela, Richley H. Crapo, Susan A. Crate, William H. Crocker, Shanshan Du, Timothy Dunnigan, Carolyn Pope Edwards, Richard Ekins, Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember, Pamela I. Erickson, Randi Ettner, Pamela Feldman-Savelsberg, William H. Fisher, Diana Fox, Mary Jo Tippeconnic Fox, Susan Tax Freeman, Rita S. Gallin, Victoria A. Goddard, Joshua S. Goldstein, Alma Gottlieb, Chien-Juh Gu, Timothy M. Hall, Katsuki Harima, Betty J. Harris, Mary Elaine Hegland, Lewellyn Hendrix, Warren M. Hern, Gabriele Herzog-Schröder, Jon Holtzman, James Howe, Armine Ishkanian, William R. Jankowiak, Robert Jarvenpa, Carol Zane Jolles, Marianne Ruth Kamp, Kaisa Kauppinen, Alice Beck Kehoe, Dave King, Laura F. Klein, Lisa Knoche, Kathleen Kuehnast, Asiye Kumru, Lynn M. Kwiatkowski, Oneka LaBennett, Mikael Landén, Lioba Lenhart, Charles Lindholm, Lamont Lindstrom, Bobbi S. Low, Judith Macdonald, Jeannette Marie Mageo, Maxine L. Margolis, Richard A. Marksbury, Frank Marlowe, Nancy McDowell, Bonnie McElhinny, Winifred Mitchell, Brian Montes, Mary H. Moran, Nuno Nodin, Barbara S. Nowak, Robin O'Brian, Regina Smith Oboler, Volodymyr P'yatokha, Lyn Parker, Jakob M. Pastötter, Julia Pauli, Sarah D. Phillips, Debra Picchi, Ulrike Prinz, Aparna Rao, Kathleen C. Riley, Paul Roscoe, Amir Rosenmann, Celia E. Rothenberg, Marilyn P. Safir, Richard Scaglion, Wulf Schiefenhövel, Alice Schlegel, Maureen Trudelle Schwarz, Edwin S. Segal, Susan C. Seymour, Audrey C. Shalinsky, Andrew N. Sharpe, Eric Kline Silverman, Daniel Jordan Smith, John R. Sosa, Allyn MacLean Stearman, Lynn Stephen, Bilinda Straight, David E. Sutton, James M. Taggart, Aud Talle, Myrna Tonkinson, Robert Tonkinson, Rebecca L. Upton, Robert A. Veneziano, Eileen Rose Walsh, William Wedenoja, Glenn E. Weisfeld, Cynthia Werner, Dennis Werner, Barbara A. West, Cynthia Whissell, Tarynn M. Witten, Felice S. Wyndham, Melissa-Ann Yeager, Xiaojian Zhao, Laura Zimmer-Tamakoshi; edited by Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember (Deceased)