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Given the growing presence of Islam in Europe, we developed a research program articulating minority perspectives on acculturation and religion among self-identified Muslims across Europe. Integrating different cross-cultural perspectives on religious acculturation, we ask how acculturation contexts and processes affect the religiosity of Muslims (a) across heritage and mainstream cultures, (b) across different acculturating groups, and (c) across different receiving societies. Based on various large-scale datasets, collected among (young) Muslim populations from different ethnic backgrounds in four European countries, we conclude that religious decline in European societies is largely absent. A comparison across cultures of origin and destination suggests the reaffirmation of religion in acculturating youth, who are more strongly identified with their religion than comparison groups in both mainstream and heritage cultures. Cross-ethnic comparisons indicate that religious socialization is most effective in more cohesive acculturating groups. Finally, cross-national comparisons provide evidence of more strict forms of religiosity in societies with less welcoming intergroup climates. Together, the cross-cultural findings extend a well-established bi-dimensional conceptualization of acculturation to the religious domain.

This study examines the joint impact of neighborhood structure and ethnic density on the educational attainment of the second generation. Using second-generation samples and a majority reference sample from the Belgian Census, multi-level analysis yields the expected positive effects of neighborhood stability and quality and ethnic density on second-generation school completion. Reflecting the ethnic stratification of the Belgian housing market, majority residential concentration tends to coincide with high neighborhood stability and quality and high completion rates, whereas Moroccan concentrations overlap with low neighborhood quality, and low completion rates. For the Turkish and Italian second generation, neighborhood structure moderates ethnic density effects on school completion, in line with segmented assimilation. Our findings suggest distinct Moroccan, Turkish and Italian incorporation modes which reflect differential access to, and investments in ethnic versus mainstream social networks.

Using multi-level analysis of second-generation samples and a majority reference sample from the Belgian Census (N = 142485 in 201 municipalities), this article investigates the relations between structural municipality characteristics, ethnic density (local concentrations of the co-ethnic in-group) and second-generation school completion. Controlling for municipalities' socio-economic composition, we find a positive association between municipality stability and quality and school completion. A pooled model moreover yields a positive effect of ethnic density on school completion. Separate analyses for each ethnic group, however, reveal differential results for the four groups under study in line with different modes of incorporation as described by segmented assimilation theory. Belgian majority residential concentration coincides with high neighbourhood stability and quality and high completion rates; whereas Moroccan concentrations overlap with low levels of stability, quality and completion. Among the Turkish and Italian second generation, neighbourhood structure moderates ethnic density effects on school completion.

"Drawing on recent cross-nationally comparative survey data of the Turkish and
Moroccan second generation in five European cities, this study examines the
patterns of identification with ethnic, religious, national and city identities. We
take a comparative perspective and analyse data from five cities (Amsterdam,
Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels and Stockholm) that differ markedly in their policy
approach to the integration of immigrants, the socio-economic position of the
second generation and the political climate confronting ethnic and religious
minorities. The analysis focuses on the question of how the Turkish and
Moroccan second generation combines their ethnic and religious minority
identities with identification with the country and city of residence. As European
national identities are to a greater extent than is the case for US American
national identity implicitly tied to and appropriated by the national majority
group, we hypothesise that national identities will be non-inclusive of ethnic and
religious identification, thus resulting in a negative correlation between
Dutch/ Belgian/ Swedish identity on the one hand and Turkish/ Moroccan and
Muslim identities on the other. In contrast, we expect a positive correlation with
identification with the city of residence, as Europe's cities are more diverse in
terms of their population composition, have a more cosmopolitan outlook and are
to a lesser extent dominated by one group of the population than the nationstates
in which they are located. Secondly, we hypothesise that distinct
identification patterns will be related to the modes of incorporation of the second
generation, such that identity compatibility (i.e., positive associations between
ethnic and religious identities on the one hand and national and city identities on
the other) instead of identity conflict (i.e., negative associations) will be more
often found in more favourable contexts of reception." (author's abstract)

In Anlehnung an die Debatte über den Einfluss von (islamischer) Religiosität auf Geschlechterrollenwerte, untersucht dieser Beitrag den Zusammenhang zwischen Religiosität und Geschlechterrollenwerten bei Männern und Frauen der türkischen und marokkanischen zweiten Generation in Belgien. Dazu wurde zunächst ein theoretisches Modell islamischer Religiosität entwickelt, welches aus den Elementen religiöse Identifikation, (teilweise geschlechtsspezifische) religiöse Praktiken und orthodoxer Glaube besteht. Anhand von Umfragedaten des belgischen TIES-Projekts (The Integration of the European Second generation) wurde dieses theoretische Modell auf die äquivalente Gültigkeit für Männer und Frauen sowie für zwei ethnische Gruppen, Belgier türkischer und marokkanischer Herkunft, getestet. Im nächsten Schritt wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen islamischer Religiosität und Geschlechterrollenwerten untersucht und im Hinblick auf Geschlechterunterschiede analysiert. Unter Berücksichtigung einer Anzahl von Kontrollvariablen (Alter, Bildung, Erwerbstätigkeit, Partnerschaft und religiöse Erziehung) ergaben die Analysen keine nennenswerten ethnischen Unterschiede. Interessanter jedoch, zeigte sich nur ein schwacher negativer Zusammenhang zwischen islamischer Religiosität und egalitären Geschlechterrollenwerten; dieser Zusammenhang war für Männer etwas stärker als für Frauen. Die Befunde widersprechen somit der These, dass stärker ausgeprägte islamische Religiosität unweigerlich mit traditionelleren und weniger egalitären Geschlechterrollenwerten einhergeht. Ebenso belegen die Ergebnisse, dass es für die Analyse islamischer Religiosität wichtig ist, Geschlechterunterschiede innerhalb muslimischer Minderheiten in Europa zu berücksichtigen.

Comparing levels of discrimination across countries can provide a window into large-scale social and political factors often described as the root of discrimination. Because of difficulties in measurement, however, little is established about variation in hiring discrimination across countries. We address this gap through a formal meta-analysis of 97 field experiments of discrimination incorporating more than 200,000 job applications in nine countries in Europe and North America. We find significant discrimination against nonwhite natives in all countries in our analysis; discrimination against white immigrants is present but low. However, discrimination rates vary strongly by country: In high-discrimination countries, white natives receive nearly twice the callbacks of nonwhites; in low-discrimination countries, white natives receive about 25 percent more. France has the highest discrimination rates, followed by Sweden. We find smaller differences among Great Britain, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, the United States, and Germany. These findings challenge several conventional macro-level theories of discrimination.

Drawing on comparative analyses from nine Western countries, we ask whether local-born children from a wide range of immigrant groups show patterns of female advantage in education that are similar to those prevalent in their host Western societies. We consider five outcomes throughout the educational career: test scores or grades at age 15, continuation after compulsory schooling, choice of academic track in upper-secondary education, completion of upper secondary, and completion of tertiary education. Despite great variation in gender gaps in education in immigrants' origin countries (with advantages for males in many cases), we find that the female advantage in education observed among the majority population is usually present among second-generation immigrants. We interpret these findings in light of ideas about gender role socialization and immigrant selectivity.