Elections: Full, Free and Fair
In: Australian journal of political science: journal of the Australasian Political Studies Association, Band 37, Heft 2, S. 365-366
ISSN: 1036-1146
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In: Australian journal of political science: journal of the Australasian Political Studies Association, Band 37, Heft 2, S. 365-366
ISSN: 1036-1146
In: Representation, Band 38, Heft 4, S. 353-355
ISSN: 0034-4893
In: Party politics: an international journal for the study of political parties and political organizations, Band 7, Heft 5, S. 655-656
ISSN: 1460-3683
In: Party politics: an international journal for the study of political parties and political organizations, Band 7, Heft 5, S. 655-656
ISSN: 1354-0688
In: Representation, Band 37, Heft 2, S. 163-164
ISSN: 1749-4001
In: Pouvoirs: revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques, Heft 93, S. 53-66
ISSN: 0152-0768
In: PS: political science & politics, Band 31, Heft 2, S. 171-178
The work of campaign consultants in elections outside of their countries of origin is a relatively recent phenomenon. Joe Napolitan is credited as becoming the first international consultant in modern times when, in 1969, he worked on the successful reelection bid of Ferdinand Marcos. As recently as 1972, Napolitan wrote of a certain reticence in some countries toward using non-native campaign consultants A decade later, Larry Sabato (1981) saw evidence that use of non-native consultants was becoming a more accepted practice in campaigns worldwide. By the end of the 1990s, according to David Swanson and Paolo Mancini (1996), consultants from the U.S., Germany, France, and Britain were becoming increasingly active in elections outside their own countries. Since the use of non-native campaign consultants is likely to increase into the forseeable future, I would like to use this article to set forth the beginnings of a research agenda, to present an outline of a project worth pursuing, for determining how and why foreign consultants are being, can be, or should be used. The article has three parts. First, I present an overview, based on available evidence, of the nature of overseas work by campaign consultants. Second, I explore some possible explanations for the rise of this phenomenon. Third, I assess the main institutional factors affecting the internationalization of consultancy.
In: PS: political science & politics, Band 31, Heft 2, S. 171-178
ISSN: 0030-8269, 1049-0965
In: Comparing Electoral Systems, S. 12-38
In: Comparing Electoral Systems, S. 39-58
In: Comparing Electoral Systems, S. 59-85
In: Comparing Electoral Systems, S. 142-168
In: Comparing Electoral Systems, S. 86-109
In: Comparing Electoral Systems, S. 1-11
In: Comparing Electoral Systems, S. 110-141