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With the Internet being a truly global phenomenon, understanding how this is controlled should yield observations of relevance for the study of global governance more generally. The Internet, and how it is controlled, should therefore be a concern for all students of world politics, and not only for the smaller albeit multidisciplinary community of scholars engaging in ''Internet studies.'' A first step is to acknowledge that Internet control varies across time, space, and issue-areas. To better understand such complex patterns of governance, we need to go beyond universal generalizations. In an attempt to support the middle-range theorizing, which arguably is needed, this essay introduces and briefly unpacks three analytical questions: What are the key aspects of Internet control? What actors might control what aspects of the Internet? And, finally, under what conditions are different types of actors likely to control various aspects of the Internet?

The purpose of this article is twofold: to analyze the impact of the information revolution on security and to clarify what existing international relations theory can say about this challenge. These pertinent questions are initially addressed by a critical review of past research. This review shows that the concern for security issues is largely confined to a specialist literature on information warfare and cyber-security, while neither the general literature on information society nor security studies pay any serious attention to information-technology-related security issues. The specialist literature is mostly policy oriented, and only very rarely informed by theory, whether from the international relations discipline or any other field. In this article, three general international relations "schools" (realism, liberalism, and constructivism) are scrutinized with regard to what they can say about security in the digital age. It is argued that the liberal focus on pluralism, interdependence, and globalization, the constructivist emphasis on language, symbols, and images (including "virtuality"), and some elements of realist strategic studies (on information warfare) contribute to an understanding of digital-age security. Finally, it is suggested that pragmatism might help to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and overcome the dualistic, contending nature of international relations theories.

Measuring the Internet - the size of its infrastructure, how many people use it, and their prevalent uses - is of obvious interest. However, the wealth of available quantitative information regarding the Internet so far has fallen short of satisfying the many needs that it would fulfill. We set the problem of measuring the Internet into a framework that allows us to derive insights on the peculiar nature of the Internet as a piece of infrastructure. After reviewing the current measures available, while drawing a distinction between the object of measurement, and the types of institutions involved in it, we provide some indications on what data should be trusted more, and how better measures of the Internet could be obtained.

"Contents" -- "List of Acronyms" -- "List of Tables" -- "Acknowledgments" -- "Introduction" -- "Part I: Early Attempts to Arms Control" -- "Chapter 1: Technological Aspects of World Security" -- "Chapter 2: Anti-ballistic Missiles" -- "Introduction" -- "Discussion of ABMs from a Technical Point of View" -- "Kill Method" -- "The Attacker's Response" -- " Penetration Aids" -- " Attacker's Strategies to By-Pass ABMs" -- "A Remark" -- "Cost Effectiveness" -- "Uncertainty over Performance and Arms Race Effect" -- "The Present Situation" -- "Historical Outline" -- "The Russian ABM System" -- "The American ABM System: Sentinel" -- "Arguments Pro and Con ABM Deployment" -- "Arguments Pro" -- "Arguments Con" -- "Economic Arguments Pro and Con ABMs Deployment" -- " Arguments Pro" -- " Arguments Con" -- "Why They Did It" -- " In the Soviet Union" -- " In the United States" -- "A Final Remark" -- "Effect of ABM Deployment by the Superpowers on Third Countries" -- "Consequences on Arms Race and Détente" -- "Non-Proliferation Treaty" -- "Credibility of Guarantees, in Europe and Asia" -- "Effects on Neutral Countries "in Between"" -- "Superpowers' Involvement in Local Conflicts" -- "West European ABM" -- "Outlook" -- "Post Scriptum" -- "Chapter 3: International Relations and Game Theory" -- "Chapter 4: The Origins of MIRV" -- "MIRV Description" -- "The Polaris A-3 MIRV" -- "Early Multiple Satellites" -- "Titan III and Transtage" -- "The Poseidon MIRV" -- "Minuteman MIRV" -- "The Decision to Deploy" -- "Chapter 5: The Importance of Agreements" -- "Chapter 6: The Fallacy of Thinking Conventionally about Nuclear Weapons" -- "Chapter 7: Strategic Arms Limitation and Military-Strategic Concepts" -- "Part II: The Hard Times, 1978–1989" -- "Chapter 8: Radiation Hazards in Fission Fuel Cycles" -- "Introduction" -- "Mining"

"Few volumes on nuclear weapons and nuclear policy can match the quality of the ISODARCO 50th Anniversary collection, which excels in the authors' thoughtfulness and the range and significance of the issues they clarify."--Bruce D. Larkin, Emeritus Professor of Politics, University of California at Santa Cruz, USA "This interesting volume brings together a stellar cast of international experts on nuclear policy and arms control. Their contributions echo the history of the nuclear age over more than five decades and display the evolution of thinking about the dangers and the imperatives associated with nuclear weapons. This collection also reflects the unique role that ISODARCO has played in the field for more than half a century."--Steven E. Miller, Director, International Security Program, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School "This collection of essays featuring many of the leading thinkers on nuclear disarmament, arms control and verification should be essential reading for both practitioners and researchers in the field." - Tariq Rauf, former Head of Verification and Security Policy Coordination, International Atomic Energy Agency This volume is a collection of contributions by world-leading experts in the nuclear field who participated in the educational activities of the International School on Disarmament and Research on Conflicts (ISODARCO). It features some of most prominent scholars and practitioners who contributed in fundamental ways to shaping policies, strategies, theories, scholarly studies, and debates in the field of non-proliferation and disarmament. On the occasion of ISODARCO's 50th anniversary this book revisits a selection of contributions that capture the pressing issues during the five decades of continuous engagement in disarmament and non-proliferation education