Suchergebnisse

RESUMEN Característica esencial del pensamiento político latinoamericano desde sus inicios ha sido el «humanismo práctico». Las civilizaciones originarias más avanzadas de América desarrollaron múltiples instituciones y formas de pensamiento político. La conquista y colonización propiciaron debates de carácter humanista práctico sobre la condición humana de los indígenas y esclavos africanos. El tema de la guerra y la paz afloró desde el proceso de la conquista al debatirse la cuestión de si podía o no considerarse una guerra justa. El pensamiento político latinoamericano consolidado por la Ilustración contribuyó con su humanismo práctico a fermentar las ideas emancipadoras de las luchas independentistas.ABSTRACT Essential characteristic of Latin American political thought since its beginnings has been a «practical humanism». The most advanced native civilizations of America developed multiple institutions and forms of political thought. The conquest and colonization led to discussions practical humanism on the human condition of indigenous and African slaves. The issue of war and peace emerged from the conquest process to discuss the question of could or not be considered a just war. Latin American political thought strengthened by the enlightenment with its practical humanism helped ferment the emancipatory ideas of the struggles for independence.

The discovery of a rock art site in 2008 by an amateur archaeologist spurred a wave of public interest in archaeology in Maragatería, Spain. As new discoveries took place, alternative archaeological discourses thrived facing the inaction of institutional and academic archaeologists. A long-term study of Maragatería carried out by the author serves to explore the construction of archaeological epistemic authority in a context where various social actors compete for dominance. Gieryn's notion of 'boundary-work' serves to analyse the different strategies employed by academic and institutional archaeologists, amateurs and pseudoarchaeologists to build epistemic authority. This article draws on Latour's affirmation that the legitimisation of scientific objectivity should rely on 'trust' rather than on 'certainty'. Ethnographic research showed that the more archaeologists attempted to legitimise their authority by reclaiming certainty, the more pseudoarchaeology proliferated. In contrast, the work of amateurs restrained the growth of pseudoarchaeology by creating networks of trust.

As part of political philosophy at the universal level in Latin America have germinated ideas and enriching proposals that contribute to clarify the possibilities and obstacles for the development of democracy and human rights problems. Despite the recognition of the existence of countless more elaborate obstacles and greater democratic achievements and human rights prevails a progressive concept of social development, sponsored by the strengthening of the fight for such rights. ; Como parte de la filosofía política a escala universal en América Latina, han germinado ideas y propuestas enriquecedoras que contribuyen a esclarecer la problemática de las posibilidades y obstáculos para el desarrollo de la democracia y los derechos humanos. No obstante, el reconocimiento de la existencia de innumerables obstáculos para la realización más elaborada y de mayores conquistas democráticas y de los derechos humanos, prevalece una concepción progresiva del desarrollo social, auspiciada por el fortalecimiento de la lucha por tales derechos.

The wars and human rights constitute an antinomy of the civilizing process. Latin American thought, nurtured by universal sources on this issue has made contributions to forms of practical humanism. One questions the Eurocentrism that undervalued the contributions of ancient cultures on the ethics in war. Capitalist modernity, however its undeniable contribution to the development of democracy and human rights has shown to what extent their warmongering nature from birth until today, cannot and will ensure that the civilizing process forward through peaceful channels of enrichment of the human condition. ; Las guerras y los derechos humanos constituyen una antinomia del proceso civilizatorio. El pensamiento latinoamericano, nutrido de fuentes universales sobre esta problemática ha aportado contribuciones a formas de humanismo práctico. Se cuestiona el eurocentrismo que subvalora los aportes de culturas de la Antigüedad sobre la ética en los conflictos bélicos. La modernidad capitalista, no obstante sus innegables contribuciones al desarrollo de la democracia y los derechos humanos, ha mostrado en qué medida su naturaleza guerrerista, desde su nacimiento hasta nuestros días, no puede ni podrá asegurar que el proceso civilizatorio avance por cauces pacíficos de enriquecimiento de la condición humana.

This article carries out a long-term exploration of the changing forms of organizing commemorative space in postcolonial Cuba. From a non-representational and processual approach, it argues that there is a close connection between different ideologies, and the social and material organization of commemoration. Because commemorative spaces are socially constituted and embedded in power relations, this study addresses the shifting forms of connecting the subjective and objective sides of memory, that is, how commemoration organizes the relation between people and the materiality of commemorative artefacts. During both the capitalist-republican and communist-revolutionary periods, commemorative spaces were constructed and reworked to renew political hegemony under different premises. These transformations are examined through three conceptual metaphors—text, arena and performance—and three organizing practices—enchantment, emplacement and enactment. The focus is placed on one of the main Cuban commemorational spaces: the Civic Square or Square of the Revolution of Havana.

Programa Oficial de Doutoramento en Ciencias da Actividade Física e do Deporte: Avances e Investigación. 3C00024V01 ; [Resumen]Antecedentes: Los helicópteros de búsqueda y rescate (SAR) y de transporte sanitario (HEMS), ofrecen una serie de ventajas potenciales para incrementar la probabilidad de supervivencia de las víctimas como son la reducción de tiempo para llegar a un centro hospitalario y la mejora del rendimiento en intervenciones críticas como la reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las compresiones torácicas y ventilaciones boca a boca (con mascarilla) realizadas por los Nadadores de Rescate (NR) helitransportados en tierra y en vuelo. Método: 60 NR pertenecientes a SASEMAR participaron en esta investigación. El estudio se dividió en dos fases: un primer test (5 minutos de RCP continua en tierra) y un test posterior realizado por 20 participantes (5 minutos de RCP continua en un helicóptero Sikorsky S-61N en vuelo). Para registrar las variables de la RCP se utilizó un maniquí Laerdal Resusci Anne con Laerdal PC SkillReporting. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas en la calidad de las compresiones en tierra y vuelo. La profundidad media de las compresiones de pecho (52, 6 mm en tierra / 51, 9 mm en vuelo) se encontraban dentro de los valores recomendados, al contrario que la media de frecuencia de compresión (133 y 132 por minuto). En cuanto a las ventilaciones, aunque no alcanzan los valores recomendados en ninguno de los lugares, se encontraron diferencias significativas (p=0,031) siendo de peor calidad en vuelo. El volumen corriente (752 y 888 ml) y el tiempo de manos libres (9 segundos por ciclo en ambos escenarios) también estaban por encima de los valores recomendados. El rendimiento se mantuvo a lo largo de los 5 minutos de duración en ambas pruebas. Conclusiones: Los NR son capaces de ofrecer y mantener la misma calidad de la RCP realizada sobre un maniquí en tierra y cuando se realiza en un helicóptero de rescate en vuelo. Los NR necesitan mejorar la calidad de su RCP para evitar unas tasas excesivas de frecuencia de compresión, volumen tidal y tiempo de manos libres, así como evitar una insuficiente reexpansión de pecho. ; [Abstract] Background: Search and Rescue (SAR) helicopters and medical transport helicopters (HEMS), shows potential advantages to increase the probability of victims survival such as reducing the time to reach hospital and expediting the performance of critical interventions like cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The goal of this study was to evaluate the quality of chest compressions and mouth-to-mask ventilations by helicopter rescue swimmers (HRS) while on a flying helicopter. Methods: 60 HRS from the Spanish Maritime Safety Agency took part in this research. The study protocol included two phases: a baseline test (5 minutes continued CPR on land) and a challenge test by 20 participants (5 minutes continued CPR test on a Sikorsky S-61N helicopter during flying). Laerdal Resusci Anne manikin with Laerdal PC SkillReporting was used to register CPR variables. Results: No significant differences were observed in the quality of land and flight compressions. Mean chest compressions depth (52, 6 mm ground / 51, 9 mm in flight) was within the recommended range, unlike the average compression rate (133 and 132 per minute).Vets did not reach the recommended value in none of these places but significant differences were found (p=0,031), so they had poorer quality in flight. Tidal volume (752 and 888 ml) and hands-off time (9 seconds per cycle in both settings) were above the recommended values. Performance was maintained along the 5 minutes in both tests. Conclusions: HRS are able to deliver and maintain the on land CPR quality when they perform CPR on a manikin in a rescue helicopter while flying. HRS need to improve their CPR quality in order to avoid excessive chest compression rate, tidal volumes and hands-off time as well as insufficient chest re-expansion.

Resumen: En el estudio de las obras que expresan el pensamiento filosófico-político de Tomás Moro destaca la que será su obra fundamental, La mejor República y la isla de Utopía, publicada en el año 1516. Esta obra aborda y plantea la existencia de una organización social, política y económica ideal bajo la forma de "relato de viaje", describiendo esa sociedad que imagina situada en la isla de Utopía —que pudiera llegar a ser real, o que se piensa como real o posible— para expresar cabalmente un pensamiento de orden filosófico político, verdadera intencionalidad de la obra de Moro. Moro y su "Utopía" encarnan "un viaje" entre el hombre Medieval apegado a una concepción del poder espiritual e incluso político, en crisis; y el hombre del Renacimiento, ávido de nuevas ideas y favorable a los horizontes que abría el estudio de la antigüedad clásica. En su obra Historia de los pueblos de habla inglesa, Winston Churchill escribe acerca de la obra de Moro: "Moro tomó la defensa de todo lo que había de bueno en la concepción medieval. Él encarna ante la historia la universalidad de la Edad Media, su creencia en los valores espirituales y su sentido instintivo de la trascendencia, y un sistema que durante mucho tiempo inspiró los sueños más radiantes de la humanidad". Finalmente, es también el objeto del presente trabajo analizar la "Utopía" de Moro e identificar los principales recursos literarios y aspectos propios del "relato de viajes" desde un abordaje analítico-interpretativo-crítico. ; Abstract: best Republic and the island of Utopia, published in 1516, is Thomas More's seminal work, where the author best expresses his philosophical and political thought. The book proposes the existence of an ideal economic, social and political organization shaped as a kind of "travel writing" story, describing an imaginary society located on the island of "Utopia" —that could become real or possible—, in order to convey More's philosophical ideas. More and his "Utopia" describe a "journey" from the Medieval man, attached to a conception of spiritual and political power in crisis, towards the Renaissance man, eager for new ideas and enthusiastic for new horizons opened through studying the ancient classics. Winston Churchill, writing about More's place in the History of the English-Speaking People, observed: "More stood as the defender of all that was finest in the medieval outlook. He represents to history its universality, its belief in spiritual values and its instinctive sense of other-worldliness, but a system, which had for long furnished mankind with its brightest dreams". Finally, it is also the objective of this study to analyze More's "Utopia" and identify the main literary devices and specific aspects of the "travel writing" genre, from a critical-interpretive-analytical approach.

The transition towards a cognitive and post-industrial economy has led to the emergence of new strategies of capture of the immanent productive capacities of the social forces. Heritage entities are subject to, and also participate in, processes by which common creativity and knowledge are being harnessed by novel forms of rent and control. The objective of this paper was to show that conceiving heritage as a common situated in specific contexts rather than as a universal essence can open up novel epistemological spheres of communication between different knowledge practices. Also, it can help bridge some ontological gaps among the various stakeholders in the arena of heritage, such as academics, managers, architects, local communities and market forces. This entails considering heritage as an emergent material and immaterial construction process involving many different agents. Currently, these processes tend towards the privatization of common values and the shattering of local communities. Normally, this situation entails a fundamental alienation between objects and subjects, and the reification of heritage. This paper suggests that considering heritage as a common could provide a different perspective to tackle this crucial problem. Accordingly, scholars should not only be bound to a critical discursive stance, but should also commit to 'ontological politics' that would situate them as mediators between the global hierarchies of value generated by heritage and the common productive potential of local communities. ; Peer reviewed

RESUMENCuando se efectúa algún tipo de balance sobre el devenir de las ciencias sociales en América Latina en el siglo XX resulta difícil desconocer en ellas la significación de la amplia e incisiva obra de Antonio García Nossa. A juicio de Jaime Piedrahita Cardona "Antonio García es el intelectual colombiano más conocido entre las universidades latinoamericanas, y uno de los profesores más leídos entre las nuevas generaciones colombianas". Si bien en la época en que se hizo tal afirmación esta podría ser cierta, lamentablemente, al menos en lo referido a la divulgación y recepción de sus ideas en las nuevas generaciones colombianas y latinoamericanas no puede en la actualidad considerarse si se mantiene tal condición. Más allá de analizar algunas de las posibles causas del posible olvido "consciente", lo importante que nos convoca y compete es contribuir al conocimiento y estudio de sus audaces ideas, su divulgación, pero en especial, superación en las nuevas condiciones del siglo XXI.Palabras clave Ciencias sociales, Teoría, Ideología, Objetividad científica, Integración del conocimiento, Dialéctica, Totalidad, Compromiso político.ABSTRACTWhen it is under study the future of the social sciences in Latin America during the last century, it tunrs out somewhat difficult to ignore the significance of the comprehensive and incisive work of prominent intellectual colombian Antonio Garcia. According to Jaime Cardona Piedrahita "Antonio Garcia is the best known Colombian intellectual in the Latin American universities, and one of the most read among new Colombian generations". Although at the time when such statement was made this could be true, unfortunately, at least with regard to the dissemination and reception of his ideas in the new Colombian and Latin American generations can currently not be considered that such condition is maintained. Beyond analyzing some of the possible causes of the possible "conscious" oblivion, an important thing that brings us together and compete is to contribute to the knowledge and study of his bold ideas, disclosure, but especially in overcoming the new conditions of the XXI century.Keywords: Social sciences, Theory, Ideology, Scientific objectivity, Knowledge integration, Dialectical, Totality, Political commitment.

The article discusses some of the ideas of Latin American thinkers who have analyzed the issue of articulation of the human condition, ethical values, human rights and democracy, especially in its political and social impact for Latin American countries. Determines the particularity of the concept of human condition unlike the human essence and human nature. The role of the bourgeoisie in the construction of modernity and the development of democracy and human rights as well as the socialist ideology stands about. ; El artículo analiza algunas de las ideas de pensadores latinoamericanos que han analizado el tema de la articulación de la condición humana, los valores éticos, los derechos humanos y la democracia, especialmente en su impacto político y social para los países latinoamericanos. Determina la particularidad del concepto de condición humana a diferencia del de esencia humana y naturaleza humana. Se destaca el papel de la burguesía en la construcción de la modernidad y el desarrollo de la democracia y los derechos humanos así como de la ideología socialista al respecto.