Suchergebnisse

THE AUTHORS OF THIS ARTICLE DISCUSS THE PERSIAN GULF WAR AND THE INTERLOCKING DEVELOPMENTS OF NATIONALISM, REPRESSION, AND INCREASED CONSERVATISM IN THE SOVIET UNION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THEIR PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AT-A-DISTANCE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENTS OF GEORGE BUSH AND MIKHAIL GORBACHEV. THEY ARGUE THAT SUCH ASSESSMENTS CAN FURNISH PREDICTIONS THAT ARE PROPOSITIONAL ("IF /THEN"), BUT NOT ABSOLUTE.

USING METHODS AND MATERIALS DEVELOPED BY THE AUTHORS FOR MEASURING MOTIVES, COGNITIONS, AND TRAITS, THIS ARTICLE ASSESSES THE PERSONALITIES OF GEORGE BUSH AND MIKHAIL GORBACHEV. THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED IN TERMS OF QUANTITATIVE SCORES, EXPRESSED IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER POLITICAL LEADERS. THE INTEGRATED PERSONALITY PORTRAITIST DEVELOPED FOR EACH LEADER ARE DISCUSSE IN RELATION TO POPULAR AND MEDIA IMPRESSIONS OF THAT LEADER. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE WITH SOME PREDICTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ABOUT POLICY IMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING WAYS OF FACILITATING DIRECT NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN BUSH AND GORBACHEV.

Validated in vitro methods for skin corrosion and irritation were adopted by the OECD and by the European Union during the last decade. In the EU, Switzerland and countries adopting the EU legislation, these assays may allow the full replacement of animal testing for identifying and classifying compounds as skin corrosives, skin irritants, and non irritants. In order to develop harmonised recommendations on the use of in vitro data for regulatory assessment purposes within the European framework, a workshop was organized by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health together with ECVAM and the BfR. It comprised stakeholders from various European countries involved in the process from in vitro testing to the regulatory assessment of in vitro data. Discussions addressed the following questions: (1) the information requirements considered useful for regulatory assessment; (2) the applicability of in vitro skin corrosion data to assign the corrosive subcategories as implemented by the EU Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation; (3) the applicability of testing strategies for determining skin corrosion and irritation hazards; and (4) the applicability of the adopted in vitro assays to test mixtures, preparations and dilutions. Overall, a number of agreements and recommendations were achieved in order to clarify and facilitate the assessment and use of in vitro data from regulatory accepted methods, and ultimately help regulators and scientists facing with the new in vitro approaches to evaluate skin irritation and corrosion hazards and risks without animal data. -® 2011 Elsevier Inc.