Suchergebnisse

Lit.

AbstractThis empirical analysis is based on the latent variable framework to identify key determinants of protests in Russia during 2011–2012. We derive logistic regressions from the revolution constraints based on economic (the political Kuznets Curve) and socio‐psychological (grievance) theories of protest. Our findings suggest a positive linear relationship between income and income inequality, contradicting the Kuznets curve. Our estimations show that inequality, share of the poor, the relation of the governor's family income to the average family income, distance to Moscow and accumulated human capital increase the risk of protest, whereas transfers and subsidies decrease these risks.

The goal of this paper is to apply the theory of the political Kuznets curve to Russia and reveal the key determinants of the probability of recent protests during 2011-2012 in the Russian regions. We apply the political Kuznets curve in the time and spatial dimensions, and find mixed evidence: throughout time, we observe an almost linear and positive relation between income and income distribution, whereas in the spatial dimension there exists an evidence of a concave curve. Empirical investigation of the role of income inequality using the latent variable framework allows us to outmanoeuvre certain measurement issues and state that conventional measures of income inequality, such as the Gini coefficient, may not be able to predict protests. Instead, we use the relation of the governors' family income to the average family income in the region, a proxy for rent-seeking of regional elites, which turns out to be a positive, significant and robust determinant of the protests. Applying additional controls ensures the robustness of the results and highlights the fact that democracy score and the economic factors are also significant. Mapping the distribution of the protests provides information on the clustering effect.

The paper emphasizes the transition in Russia and the role institutions played before and during the process. In Russia, a big bang approach was applied. That is to say, transition was conducted all of a sudden, omitting important underlying reforms. This practice should function as a shock therapy. Hence, the approach should leave no other chance than an abrupt adaption to the new free-market rules. These rules would then lead to fast economic growth and development, as they did in other places. However, since Russian GDP per capita and thereby living standards deteriorated dramatically in the years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the plan did not work. At any rate, since then Russian economic indicators recovered and partly achieved their pre-1991 levels at the end of the last decade. The paper depicts Russia's reform efforts and the subsequent developments. The close ties among the political elite, the banking sector and the old nomenklatura are demonstrated. The patrimonial system that persisted for centuries is still observable at the state level. At any rate, Russia can neither evade its historical and institutional development path nor its societal structures that are based on networks and nepotism. Russia's systemic lack of the rule of law and therewith of secure property, the character of the Russian political system with the patriarch as the head of state and the resulting necessity of corruption and bribes inhibit the realization of its full growth potential.

Das Wirtschaftswachstum eines Landes hängt immer stärker von dessen Innovationsfähigkeit ab. Japan, Südkorea und die Volksrepublik China gewinnen neben einigen kleineren asiatischen Schwellenländern eine zunehmende Bedeutung im globalen Standortwettbewerb. Andere Länder wie Indien sind gleichfalls bestrebt, ihr großes Humankapitalpotential weltweit als Standortfaktor einzusetzen. Um insbesondere gegenüber den USA sowie den westeuropäischen Ländern ihre Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu steigern, werden dort umfangreiche Reformen der staatlichen Institutionen zur effektiveren Gestaltung nationaler Innovationspolitik vorgenommen. Dabei ist in Japan zu beobachten, dass über ein Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) unter dem Vorsitz des Ministerpräsidenten die Steuerungsmöglichkeiten auf das Innovationssystem gesteigert werden sollen. In Südkorea findet über das National Science und Technology Council (NSTC) unter dem Vorsitz des Präsidenten eine analoge Steuerung statt, die insbesondere die internationale Vernetzung des südkoreanischen Innovationssystems deutlich verbessern soll. Die VR China hat erst mit deutlichem zeitlichen Rückstand begonnen, eine eigenständige nationale Strategie für den Hochtechnologiebereich zu entwickeln. Derzeit konzentriert die Zentralregierung ihre Aktivitäten auf den Ausbau nationaler Forschungseinrichtungen und die Rückgewinnung von hochqualifizierten chinesischen Wissenschaftlern aus dem Ausland, insbesondere den USA. ; The economic growth of a country depends more and more on its capacity to innovate. Japan, South Korea and the P. R. of China acquire an increasing importance in the global location competition besides some smaller Asian threshold economies. Other countries such as India make also an effort to bring in their great potential of human capital as a location factor on a global level. In these countries major reforms of public institutions are made to increase the efficiency of national innovation policies in particular with regard towards the United States and Western Europe. We can observe that in Japan the government increases the steering potential on the innovation system via a Council for Science and Technology which is presided by the Prime Minister. In South Korea the President chairs the National Science and Technology Council which aims in particular for a better international linking of the Korean innovation system. The P.R. of China has started to develop an independent national strategy for the Hightech area only with a significant time lag. Currently the central government focuses its activities on the development of national research institutes and the remigration of Chinese scientists from abroad, particularly the U.S.

Das Wirtschaftswachstum eines Landes hängt immer stärker von dessen Innovationsfähigkeit ab. Ohne ein leistungsfähiges und international vernetztes Innovationssystem wird Deutschland den zunehmenden Herausforderungen im Zuge der Globalisierung immer weniger gewachsen sein. Über die Integration in den Europäischen Raum und den Ausbau der Beziehungen zu dem weltweit führenden amerikanischen Innovationssystem hinaus muss sich Deutschland verstärkt um die Vernetzung mit den asiatischen Ländern, wie Japan, Südkorea, China und Indien, bemühen. Deutschland kann sich hier durch seine Kompetenzen in den Schlüsselbereichen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie, Nanotechnologie, Bio- und Gentechnologie sowie Medizintechnik als attraktiver Partner für diese Länder profilieren. Hierzu müssen die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen für eine flexible, strategisch orientierte Innovationspolitik in Deutschland verbessert werden, insbesondere durch Fokussierung auf zentrale Technologie- und Anwendungsfelder und verstärkte zentrale Koordination.

Chapter 1. The Transfer of Economic Ideas between Russia and the West: an Introduction (Vladimir Avtonomov) -- Chapter 2. West-Russia-West: early interactions in economic thought. Cases of Storch and Chernyshevsky (Vladimir Avtonomov) -- Chapter 3. Tugan-Baranovsky and the West (François Allisson) -- Chapter 4. The circular flow of ideas: Vladimir K. Dmitriev (Christian Gehrke) -- Chapter 5. Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz: Traveller between worlds (Christian Gehrke),- Chapter 6. Peter B. Struve as economist: philosophical foundations of economics and development theory (Günther Chaloupek) -- Chapter 7. Bazarov, Bogdanov and the West (Elizaveta Burina) -- Chapter 8. Lenin's development economics: an outline (Denis Melnik) -- Chapter 9. Russia-West-Russia: Georg von Charasoff, the "humane economy", and the critique of Marx's theory of history (Christian Gehrke) -- Chapter 10. Eugen (Evgeny Evgenievich) Slutsky (Jean-Sebastien Lenfant) -- Chapter 11. Feldman and the Strategy for Economic Growth (Harald Hagemann) -- Chapter 12. Chayanov: The Reception of An Early Soviet Agricultural Economist (Carol Scott Leonard) -- Chapter 13. N. D. Kondratiev and a New Methodological Agenda for Economics (Natalia Makasheva) -- Chapter 14. Jacob Marschak: From a Russian revolutionist to President-elect of the American Economic Association (Robert W. Dimand) -- Chapter 15. Simon Kuznets and Russia: An Uneasy Relationship (Moshe Syrquin) -- Chapter 16. Alexander Gerschenkron (Andrey Belykh) -- Chapter 17. Wassily Leontief and his German period (Harald Hagemann) -- Chapter 18. Paul Baran (John King) -- Chapter 19. Evsey Domar and Russia (Mauro Boianovsky) -- Chapter 20. Leonid Kantorovich (Michael Ellman).

This book examines the interrelations between Russian and European economics from the early 19th century to the present. It analyzes how Western economic thinking, such as classical economics and the marginal revolution, influenced Russian economic thinking and how Western economic ideas were modified and adapted to better reflect the specific Russian circumstances of the time. Moreover, the contributions in this book show how these modified ideas also influenced Western economists at the end of the 19th century, when Russian economics had reached the stage of professionalism and joined the international discourse on the discipline. Written by an international selection of respected experts, this book provides an overview of the most influential Russian economists and covers a wide range of topics such as the marginal revolution, the specific influence of Marxism, the evolution of mathematics and statistics in Russia in the 1890s1920s, and the unique experience of building a planned economy in the Soviet Union. It is intended for all scholars and students who are interested in the history of economic thought.