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This paper describes the status, challenges and scope for strengthening surveillance of chronic disease risk factors, morbidities and mortality in India. We draw upon the surveillance experience of four selected States of India namely Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Kerala and Tamil Nadu to understand key requirements in relation to financing, infrastructure, human resources and governance. The public health system is grappling with resource constraints but there is room for more efforts to undertake systematic population-based chronic disease surveillance in India. Although there are no immediate policy goals to ensure population-based screening, opportunistic screening of selected chronic diseases is an important strategy under the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS). However, surveillance activities under this programme are performing suboptimally due to issues related to funding constraints, operational guidelines and inadequate clinical, technical and managerial staff. It is apparent that public health system should devote additional resources towards active population-based surveillance. Besides financing, there is a need to develop institutional mechanisms for engagement of adequate human resources for surveillance and disease management. Engagement of AYUSH and community health workers (ASHAs or others) is identified as reasonable options but would require sound incentive mechanism to ensure good coverage and programme outreach. Furthermore, local support, both social and political, is critical to create a conducive environment to contact beneficiaries and for information recording. In this endeavour, private sector is identified as a potential partner that needs enabling environment to come up with services under PPP.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of illustrations -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1 Temporary migration and related policy issues in a globalised China -- 2 Characteristics and development impact of temporary migration: the case of India -- 3 Temporary migration in the Philippines: changes and constants in this continuing saga -- 4 Temporary migration in Thailand: impacts, challenges and policy implications -- 5 Transformative characteristics and developmental impacts of temporary migration to and through Turkey -- 6 Temporary migrants and refugees in Greece: transformative challenges -- 7 Temporary migration influence - the case of Hungary: curbed transformation and development in a transit country -- 8 Characteristics and development impact of temporary migration: the case of Ukraine -- 9 Transformative characteristics and development outcomes of temporary Asian migaration to Germany -- 10 Temporary migration in the Netherlands: contradictory policies and ambiguous effects -- 11 Characteristics and development impact of temporary migration: the case of Finland -- Conclusion: challenges and future prospects of temporary transnational migration -- Index.

Background and Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed an unprecedented public health crisis globally irrespective of age. There is no doubt that the older population (above the age of 60) is the most vulnerable age category due to multiple co-morbidities, which often is not in their favour. Age category, types of co-morbidities and nutritional levels indeed play a pivotal role in determining mortality rates. This paper focuses on Kerala, a southern Indian state and how it maintained low mortality levels due to COVID-19 during the first wave despite being the state with the highest proportion of the older population. The present study argues although the state possessed a robust health system and had an active engagement of the public health sector with its citizens through local governments, it was the state's meticulous planning, innovative schemes centred around older persons such as reverse quarantine, the prevailing excellent nutritional status among its population and initiatives to ensure good nutrition through food security schemes like 'essential grocery kits' and 'community kitchens' that helped to develop the body's resistance to infection and thus played a significant role in flattening the curve for Kerala's older adult COVID-19 deaths effectively, thereby achieving a high recovery rate and low rates of fatality during the first wave of COVID-19 in Kerala. Methods: Pre–COVID-19 health conditions of older adults in Kerala were analysed through Kerala Ageing Survey (KAS) panel data and Longitudinal Ageing Survey in India (LASI) data. Percentage analysis, Logistic regression method and Cox hazard regression methods were used to analyse the effect of nutritional levels on health and mortality among older adults in Kerala. Publically available COVID-19 data from the Government of Kerala and the Government of India were used to analyse the COVID-19 death rates. In addition, changes in dietary patterns and other preventive measures taken to fight against COVID-19 were investigated through qualitative response. Result: The study found that nutritional status influences mortality and co-morbidities among older adults in Kerala in the pre-COVID situation. Furthermore, the study found that though nutritional indicators, that is, overweight or obese, significantly increases the risk of comorbid conditions among older adults, good nourishment reduces the risk of all-cause mortality. The study also found that Kerala's COVID-19 fatality was much lower when compared to India and developed nations like the US, UK and Italy. Even if Kerala is one of the highly COVID-19 affected states, the effective nutritional intervention by the Government of Kerala through its various schemes to build up the general immunity of the state's citizens, especially high-risk groups; thereby achieving low COVID fatality in the state.Conclusion: Based on Kerala's experience, nutritional factors influence the population in building up the body's resistance to infection against COVID-19. Even though the fatality rate is very low, obesity coupled with non-communicable diseases affects preventive measures of the state. There is an immediate and persuasive need to find new and more efficient clinical studies apart from socio-epidemiological studies, which could play a pivotal role in determining COVID-19 health outcomes.

Background and Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed an unprecedented public health crisis globally irrespective of age. There is no doubt that the older population (above the age of 60) is the most vulnerable age category due to multiple co-morbidities, which often is not in their favour. Age category, types of co-morbidities and nutritional levels indeed play a pivotal role in determining mortality rates. This paper focuses on Kerala, a southern Indian state and how it maintained low mortality levels due to COVID-19 during the first wave despite being the state with the highest proportion of the older population. The present study argues although the state possessed a robust health system and had an active engagement of the public health sector with its citizens through local governments, it was the state's meticulous planning, innovative schemes centred around older persons such as reverse quarantine, the prevailing excellent nutritional status among its population and initiatives to ensure good nutrition through food security schemes like 'essential grocery kits' and 'community kitchens' that helped to develop the body's resistance to infection and thus played a significant role in flattening the curve for Kerala's older adult COVID-19 deaths effectively, thereby achieving a high recovery rate and low rates of fatality during the first wave of COVID-19 in Kerala. Methods: Pre–COVID-19 health conditions of older adults in Kerala were analysed through Kerala Ageing Survey (KAS) panel data and Longitudinal Ageing Survey in India (LASI) data. Percentage analysis, Logistic regression method and Cox hazard regression methods were used to analyse the effect of nutritional levels on health and mortality among older adults in Kerala. Publically available COVID-19 data from the Government of Kerala and the Government of India were used to analyse the COVID-19 death rates. In addition, changes in dietary patterns and other preventive measures taken to fight against COVID-19 were investigated through qualitative ...

« This book provides new insights and research studies on how developing countries come to terms with the nationalisation policies of Gulf economies that provide employment for their nationals. Focusing on regions and countries that have traditionally been overlooked, it includes studies on labour migration from Egypt to the Middle East and from the Philippines to Lebanon, migrant experiences and policy prospects in Saudi Arabia and Lebanon, and Indian migration to the Gulf. The book fills a critical gap in migration research by studying migration from various Indian states, such as Tamil Nadu, Telugu-speaking states (Telangana and Andhra Pradesh), Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. It also explores the unexpected phenomenon of demographic windows of economic opportunity (not documented in demographic literature) observed in a few Arab countries due to older migrant expatriates returning to their home country; the impact of international out-migration on intergenerational educational mobility among children in migrant-sending households in Kerala; and forced migration of Kerala Muslims to the Gulf. « (Verlagsbeschreibung)