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Asia after the Developmental State presents cutting-edge analyses of state-society transformation in Asia under globalisation. The volume incorporates a variety of political economy and public policy oriented positions, and collectively explores the uneven evolution of new public management and neoliberal agendas aimed at reordering state and society around market rationality. Taken together, the contributions explore the emergence of marketisation across Asia, including China, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam - what is now often described as the world's most economically dynamic region - and the degree to which marketisation has taken root, in what forms, and how this is impacting state, society and market relationships

ABSTRACT
With indiscriminate geographic and socio-economic reach, COVID-19 has visited destruction of life and livelihoods on a largely unprepared world and can arguably be declared the new millennium's most trying test of state capacity. Governments are facing an urgent mandate to mobilize quickly and comprehensively in response, drawing not only on public resources and coordination capabilities but also on the cooperation and buy-in of civil society. Political and institutional legitimacy are crucial determinants of effective crisis management, and low-trust states lacking such legitimacy suffer a profound disadvantage. Social and economic crises attending the COVID-19 pandemic thus invite scholarly reflection about public attitudes, social leadership, and the role of social and institutional memory in the context of systemic disruption. This article examines Hong Kong as a case where failure to respond effectively could have been expected due to low levels of public trust and political legitimacy, but where, in fact, crisis response was unexpectedly successful. The case exposes underdevelopment in scholarly assumptions about the connections among political legitimacy, societal capacity, and crisis response capabilities. As such, this calls for a more nuanced understanding of how social behaviours and norms are structured and reproduced amidst existential uncertainties and policy ambiguities caused by sudden and convergent crises, and how these can themselves generate resources that bolster societal capacity in the fight against pandemics.

While there is a considerable literature concerning policy entrepreneurship and institutional isomorphism, significantly less literature has emerged addressing the impact of context on policy and institutional entrepreneurship and of the interactions between various contexts and agency. In this article, we demonstrate that the actions of entrepreneurs in the public sector are most likely to generate policy and institutional changes when they are reinforced by complementarities arising from context-dependent, dynamic interactions among interdependent structures, institutions and agency-level enabling conditions.

This article analyses the concept of political risk, its evolution & conceptualisation, & explores its utility as a means of understanding political events & processes that can threaten order, stability & continuity in International Relations & disrupt the normal practices of inter-state investment, trade & commerce. More particularly, the article organises the disparate literature that surrounds the concept of political risk such that it might be more rigorously applied as a social science method for understanding political events & their effects upon commercial & strategic activities. Adapted from the source document.

The editors introduce this issue of Global Society with a discussion of Risk Theory and its practical utility in the analysis and institutions of International Relations. Adapted from the source document.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 The Political Economy of Higher Education Governance in Asia: Challenges, Trends and Trajectories -- Introduction -- The False Logic of Economism: Economic Growth and Higher Education -- Ashley, Polanyi and the Dangers of Linear Forecasting -- The Political Economy of Higher Education Governance: Southeast Asia -- Indonesia: Systemic Failures and Enduring Obstacles -- Indonesia's Governance Legacies -- Challenges and Trends in Higher Education in Southeast Asia -- HE Governance and Academic Labour in Southeast Asia -- The Political Economy of Higher Education Governance: Northeast Asia -- Research Universities in Northeast Asia: Legacies, Hierarchies and Future Trajectories -- China: The Next Higher Education Superpower? -- Higher Education Policy in China: The Pursuit of World-Class Standing -- Bifurcation and Tensions in China's Higher Education Sector -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Changing Patterns in the Governance of Higher Education in Asia -- Introduction -- On Change -- Patterns of Governance Change: The Repurposing of the HEI -- Relocating Higher Education Within External Knowledge Economies -- Quality Assurance/Evaluation -- Rankings -- Income Generation -- Marketization of Higher Education -- Franchising of Higher Education Management -- Knowledge Production Management -- Access -- Repositioning Higher Education Institutions Within Broader Formal Governmental Authority -- Redefining Governance Roles Within HEIs -- Conclusion: Dimensions of Change -- References -- 3 Engaging Forms of ASEAN Higher Education: Regionalism and Governance -- Introduction -- Higher Education and the ASEAN -- Task-Specific Actors and Intersecting Functions -- ASEAN+3 -- Seameo-Rihed -- ASEAN University Network -- Higher Education Task Specificity in the ASEAN.

Abstract
This paper offers an analysis of the theoretical and empirical challenges the coronavirus pandemic poses for theories of policy change. Critical events like coronavirus disease are potentially powerful destabilizers that can trigger discontinuity in policy trajectories and thus are an opportunity for accentuating path shifts. In this paper, we argue that three dynamic pathways of change are possible and must be considered when analysing post-COVID policymaking: normalization, adaptation, and acceleration. These different pathways need to be explored in order to understand the mid- and long-term policy effects of the pandemic. This introduction contextualizes the articles in this special issue, situating them broadly within two broad categories: (a) assessment of how the coronavirus disease pandemic should be understood as a crisis event, and its role in relationship to mechanisms of policy change; and (b) mapping the future contours of the pandemic's impact on substantive policy areas, including education, health care, public finance, social protection, population ageing, the future of work, and violence against women.

ABSTRACTThe objective of this collection of essays is to gain insights into the different national-level state responses to COVID-19 around the world and the conditions that shaped them. The pandemic offers a natural experiment wherein the policy problem governments faced was the same but the responses they made were different, creating opportunities for comparison of both the kinds of policy tools being used and the factors that accounted for their choice. Accordingly, after surveying on-line databases of policy tools used in the pandemic and subjecting these to topic modelling to reveal the characteristics of a 'standard' national pandemic response, we discuss the similarities and differences found in specific responses. This is done with reference to the nature and level of policy capacity of respective governments, highlighting the critical roles played by (in)adequate preparation and lesson-drawing from past experiences with similar outbreaks or crises. Taken together the articles show how the national responses to the COVID-19 pandemic were shaped by the opportunity and capacity each government had to learn from previous pandemics and their capacity to operationalize and build political support for the standard portfolio of policy measures deployed to deal with the crisis. However, they also show how other factors such as the nature of national leadership, the organization of government and civil society, and blindspots towards the vulnerabilities of certain population segments also helped to shape policy responses to the pandemic.

Hameiri, S. ; Kühn, F. P.: Introduction. - S. 275-279 Clapton, W.: Risk in International Relations. - S. 280-295 Jarvis, D. S. L.: Theorising risk and uncertainty in International Relations: the contributions of Frank Knight. - S. 296-312 Heng, Y.-K. ; McDonagh, K.: After the 'War on Terror': regulatory states, risk bureaucracies and the risk-based governance of terror. - S. 313-329 Rothe, D.: Managing climate risks or risking a managerial climate: state, security and governance in the international climate regime. - S. 330-345 Gutkowski, S.: Secularism and the politics of risk: Britain's prevent agenda, 2005.2009. - S. 346-362 Kühn, F. P.: Securing uncertainty: sub-state security dilemma and the risk of intervention. - S. 363-380 Hameiri, S.: State transformation, territorial politics and the management of transnational risk. - S. 381-397

Introduction and overview / Teh-Kuang Chang, Angelin Chang -- China in the global political economy / Thomas G. Moore -- The evolution of China's political ideology from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping / Winberg Chai and May-lee Chai -- Broken ties : Japan's semi-official diplomacy towards China under the DPJ government / Karol Zakowski -- Developmental states in Asia : change and transformation / Darryl Stuart Jarvis and Toby Carroll -- Mongolian foreign relations under 25 years of democracy / Alicia Campi -- National development of Singapore / Chua Beng Huat -- Politics of regional integration in South Asia : India, China, and other actors / Arunoday Bajpai -- ASEAN and the challenge of multilateralism in the Asia Pacific / Shaun Narine -- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) : challenges and prospects / Steven Ratuva -- The United States and the Taiwan time bomb / Ted Galen Carpenter -- America's response to Xi Jinping's challenges in Asia / Robert Sutter -- The European Union and the People's Republic of China's attitudes towards the Middle East : convergent and divergent political interests / Przemyslaw Osiewicz -- Gender and conflict in East Asia / Erik Melander and Elin Bjarnegård -- The sources of South Asian doctrine : offensive biases in organizational culture / Brent Thomas Gerchicoff -- Sanctions and emerging powers : examining the Indian and Chinese stance / Rishika Chauhan -- Globalization and government effectiveness in Asia / Haroon Khan -- Pyongyang-Tehran-Damascus : the unshaken alliance / Alon Levkowitz